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Monday, January 18, 2021
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Displaying 670 publications
Banhoro, Y.; Debevec, Liza. 2020.
Analyse de textes legislatifs et reglementaires concernant la reforme du systeme de gestion des infrastructures d’approvisionnement en eau potable en milieux rural et semi-urbain au Burkina Faso. In French.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 29p.
(IWMI Working Paper 190 / Document de travail IWMI 190)
[DOI]
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Le Burkina Faso, pays enclave dapos;Afrique de lapos;Ouest, est confronte au defi de la penurie dapos;eau. Le pays sapos;est engage dans des reformes liees a lapos;eau, conformement a l’evolution a l’echelle mondiale en matiere de gestion des ressources en eau, et met en oeuvre la GIRE depuis le debut des annees 2000. Ce document passe en revue l’ensemble de la legislation passee et actuelle sur lapos;eau au Burkina Faso, en mettant particulierement lapos;accent sur lapos;approvisionnement en eau potable et les associations d’usagers de lapos;eau en milieu rural. Le document traite des lois et reglements adoptes entre 1960 et 2014, avec un suivi supplementaire en 2019 pour inclure tout nouveau texte. Il aborde les questions liees a la participation des usagers et a lapos;inclusion des femmes dans les processus decisionnels de lapos;approvisionnement en eau en milieu rural.
Decision making / Participatory approaches / Water user associations / Gender / Water scarcity / Water governance / Periurban areas / Rural areas / Regulations / Legislation / Law reform / Water management / Water resources / Infrastructure / Drinking water / Water supply
Record No:H049718
Nikiema, Josiane; Tanoh-Nguessan, R.; Abiola, F.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2020.
Introducing co-composting to fecal sludge treatment plants in Benin and Burkina Faso: a logistical and financial assessment.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 50p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 17)
[DOI]
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(1.47 MB)
Based on primary data from fecal sludge (FS) treatment plants in three West African urban regions (Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Greater Accra in Ghana, and Grand Nokou in Benin), FS collection and treatment patterns were analyzed to identify possible scenarios for resource recovery (RR) through FS co-composting. FS collection was analyzed for up to 7 years, in part per day, month and season, as well as FS characteristics to understand peak flows, FS qualities and related variations to plan for appropriate RR technology and capacities. Overall, the FS volumes collected by vacuum trucks were not significantly affected by the calendar days, months or seasons. Commonly assumed increases during rainy months were, for example, only recorded in Ouagadougou. FS composition appeared highly variable with a pronounced difference in total solids between FS collected from households versus institutional sources, likely indicating that institutions are served more frequently. The analyzed treatment plants appear to be exploited beyond their capacity. RR for reuse can turn sludge disposal from a cost into a source of revenue with co-benefits for farmers and the environment, thereby reducing the pressure on tipping fees. The probability of the added co-compost production being financially viable on its own was estimated for all the study sites, indicating an earliest breakeven point after 5 to 8 years.
Households / Urban areas / Land use / Cost benefit analysis / Marketing / Operating costs / Production costs / Cost recovery / Business models / Investment / Public-private partnerships / Maintenance / Technology / Sanitation / Septic tanks / Anaerobic treatment / Sludge dewatering / Waste disposal / Recycling / Sewerage / Waste collection / Waste management / Economic analysis / Logistics / Composting / Treatment plants / Solid wastes / Waste treatment / Faecal sludge / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049802
Nikiema, Josiane; Impraim, Robert; Cofie, Olufunke; Nartey, Eric; Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Thiel, Felix; Drechsel, Pay. 2020.
Training manual for fecal sludge-based compost production and application.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 63p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 15)
[DOI]
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(1.96 MB)
Over the last decade, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has explored the use of fecal sludge (FS) in combination with other organic waste sources to optimize FS treatment and composting for the production of a safe organic fertilizer, which can depending on demand be enriched with crop nutrients or pelletized for volume reduction, delayed decomposition or easier application. Based on IWMI’s experience, this training manual has been compiled for plant managers and trainers to help ensure that staff involved in FS treatment and production, and application of an FS-based co-compost adopt best practices in all processes involved. The manual can be adapted to local needs as required. It also includes information on compost registration and certification, as well as guidelines for co-compost application in the field.
Product certification / Carbon / Nitrogen / Plant nutrition / Fertilizer application / Fertilizer technology / Environmental effects / Pathogens / Health hazards / Protective clothing / Safety at work / Maintenance / Equipment / Monitoring / Product quality / Pelleting / Enrichment / Decomposition / Aerobic treatment / Sludge dewatering / Feedstocks / Urban wastes / Liquid wastes / Solid wastes / Organic wastes / Best practices / Guidelines / Manuals / Training materials / Organic fertilizers / Composting / Faecal sludge / Waste treatment / Waste management / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049476
Minh, Thai Thi; Cofie, Olufunke; Lefore, N.; Schmitter, Petra. 2020.
Multi-stakeholder dialogue space on farmer-led irrigation development in Ghana: an instrument driving systemic change with private sector initiatives.
Knowledge Management for Development Journal,
15(2):93-106. (Special issue: The Unusual Suspect? The Private Sector in Knowledge Partnerships for Agricultural and Rural Development)
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Private sector actors bring expertise, resources, and new perspectives to agricultural development, but the tendency to short-term approaches and market-based orientation has been unable to drive a systemic change in the development agenda. We explore how multi-stakeholder dialogues can capitalize on and trickle systemic change through private sector involvement. Analysis from the farmer-led irrigation development multi-stakeholder dialogue space (FLI-MDS) in Ghana shows the need for a physical and institutional space to cater for and merge different stakeholder interests. For all stakeholders, the institutional space is a multi-level-playing institution which can trickle systemic change by leveraging the private sector’s investments with multi-stakeholders’ collaboration, interactive learning, and potential support for commercial scaling of FLI. For private sector actors, a physical space for collaboration is crucial. It enables them to envisage their commercial interests, opening up opportunities for collaboration and mobilization of resources. Ensuring long term sustainability of an FLI-MDS requires catering for the private sector needs for a physical dialogue space to trickle systemic change and accelerate commercialization in farmer-led irrigation development.
Institutions / Smallholders / Value chains / Supply chains / Business enterprises / Investment / Agricultural development / Private sector / Multi-stakeholder processes / Irrigation management / Farmer managed irrigation systems
Record No:H050013
Sawadogo, A.; Kouadio, L.; Traore, F.; Zwart, Sander J.; Hessels, T.; Gundogdu, K. S. 2020.
Spatiotemporal assessment of irrigation performance of the Kou Valley Irrigation Scheme in Burkina Faso using satellite remote sensing-derived indicators.
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,
9(8):484. (Special issue: Observation-Driven Understanding, Prediction, and Management in Hydrological/Hydraulic Hazard and Risk Studies)
[DOI]
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(4.17 MB)
Traditional methods based on field campaigns are generally used to assess the performance of irrigation schemes in Burkina Faso, resulting in labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly processes. Despite their extensive application for such performance assessment, remote sensing (RS)-based approaches remain very much underutilized in Burkina Faso. Using multi-temporal Landsat images within the Python module for the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model, we investigated the spatiotemporal performance patterns of the Kou Valley irrigation scheme (KVIS) during two consecutive cropping seasons. Four performance indicators (depleted fraction, relative evapotranspiration, uniformity of water consumption, and crop water productivity) for rice, maize, and sweet potato were calculated and compared against standard values. Overall, the performance of the KVIS varied depending on year, crop, and the crop’s geographical position in the irrigation scheme. A gradient of spatially varied relative evapotranspiration was observed across the scheme, with the uniformity of water consumption being fair to good. Although rice was the most cultivated, a shift to more sweet potato farming could be adopted to benefit more from irrigation, given the relatively good performance achieved by this crop. Our findings ascertain the potential of such RS-based cost-effective methodologies to serve as basis for improved irrigation water management in decision support tools.
Models / Sweet potatoes / Maize / Rice / Crop yield / Landsat / Evapotranspiration / Water productivity / Crop water use / Climate change / Food security / Water management / Irrigation water / Performance indexes / Remote sensing / Satellite imagery / Performance evaluation / Irrigation schemes
Record No:H049932
Cecchi, P.; Forkuor, G.; Cofie, Olufunke; Lalanne, F.; Poussin, J.-C.; Jamin, J.-Y. 2020.
Small reservoirs, landscape changes and water quality in Sub-Saharan West Africa.
Water,
12(7):1967.
[DOI]
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(2.94 MB)
Small reservoirs (SRs) are essential water storage infrastructures for rural populations of Sub-Saharan West Africa. In recent years, rapid population increase has resulted in unprecedented land use and land cover (LULC) changes. Our study documents the impacts of such changes on the water quality of SRs in Burkina Faso. Multi-temporal Landsat images were analyzed to determine LULC evolutions at various scales between 2002 and 2014. Population densities were calculated from downloaded 2014 population data. In situ water samples collected in 2004/5 and 2014 from selected SRs were analyzed for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) loads, an integrative proxy for water quality. The expansion of crop and artificial areas at the expense of natural covers controlled LULC changes over the period. We found a very significant correlation between SPM loads and population densities calculated at a watershed scale. A general increase between the two sampling dates in the inorganic component of SPM loads, concomitant with a clear expansion of cropland areas at a local scale, was evidenced. Results of the study suggest that two complementary but independent indicators (i.e., LULC changes within 5-km buffer areas around SRs and demographic changes at watershed scale), relevantly reflected the nature and intensity of overall pressures exerted by humans on their environment, and locally on aquatic ecosystems. Recommendations related to the re-greening of peripheral areas around SRs in order to protect water bodies are suggested.
Indicators / Population density / Dry season / Lakes / Vegetation / Farmland / Satellite imagery / Landsat / Watersheds / Anthropogenic factors / Land cover change / Land use change / Water quality / Water reservoirs
Record No:H049806
Dembele, M.; Ceperley, N.; Zwart, Sander J.; Salvadore, E.; Mariethoz, G.; Schaefli, B. 2020.
Potential of satellite and reanalysis evaporation datasets for hydrological modelling under various model calibration strategies.
Advances in Water Resources,
143:103667.
[DOI]
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(4.54 MB)
Twelve actual evaporation datasets are evaluated for their ability to improve the performance of the fully distributed mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM). The datasets consist of satellite-based diagnostic models (MOD16A2, SSEBop, ALEXI, CMRSET, SEBS), satellite-based prognostic models (GLEAM v3.2a, GLEAM v3.3a, GLEAM v3.2b, GLEAM v3.3b), and reanalysis (ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55). Four distinct multivariate calibration strategies (basin-average, pixel-wise, spatial bias-accounting and spatial bias-insensitive) using actual evaporation and streamflow are implemented, resulting in 48 scenarios whose results are compared with a benchmark model calibrated solely with streamflow data. A process-diagnostic approach is adopted to evaluate the model responses with in-situ data of streamflow and independent remotely sensed data of soil moisture from ESA-CCI and terrestrial water storage from GRACE. The method is implemented in the Volta River basin, which is a data scarce region in West Africa, for the period from 2003 to 2012. Results show that the evaporation datasets have a good potential for improving model calibration, but this is dependent on the calibration strategy. All the multivariate calibration strategies outperform the streamflow-only calibration. The highest improvement in the overall model performance is obtained with the spatial bias-accounting strategy (+29%), followed by the spatial bias-insensitive strategy (+26%) and the pixel-wise strategy (+24%), while the basin-average strategy (+20%) gives the lowest improvement. On average, using evaporation data in addition to streamflow for model calibration decreases the model performance for streamflow (-7%), which is counterbalance by the increase in the performance of the terrestrial water storage (+11%), temporal dynamics of soil moisture (+6%) and spatial patterns of soil moisture (+89%). In general, the top three best performing evaporation datasets are MERRA-2, GLEAM v3.3a and SSEBop, while the bottom three datasets are MOD16A2, SEBS and ERA5. However, performances of the evaporation products diverge according to model responses and across climatic zones. These findings open up avenues for improving process representation of hydrological models and advancing the spatiotemporal prediction of floods and droughts under climate and land use changes.
Spatial distribution / Performance evaluation / Datasets / Forecasting / Climatic zones / Soil water content / Water storage / Stream flow / River basins / Evaporation / Remote sensing / Satellites / Strategies / Calibration / Modelling / Hydrology
Record No:H049804
Ebrahim, Girma Y.; Lautze, Jonathan F.; Villholth, Karen G. 2020.
Managed aquifer recharge in Africa: taking stock and looking forward.
Water,
12(7):1844. (Special issue: Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience)
[DOI]
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Climatic variability and change result in unreliable and uncertain water availability and contribute to water insecurity in Africa, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and where water storage infrastructure is limited. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), which comprises purposeful recharge and storage of surface runoff and treated wastewater in aquifers, serves various purposes, of which a prominent one is to provide a means to mitigate adverse impact of climate variability. Despite clear scope for this technology in Africa, the prevalence and range of MAR experiences in Africa have not been extensively examined. The objective of this article is provide an overview of MAR progress in Africa and to inform the potential for future use of this approach in the continent. Information on MAR from 52 cases in Africa listed in the Global MAR Portal and collated from relevant literature was analyzed. Cases were classified according to 13 key characteristics including objective of the MAR project, technology applied, biophysical conditions, and technical and management challenges. Results of the review indicate that: (i) the extent of MAR practice in Africa is relatively limited, (ii) the main objective of MAR in Africa is to secure and augment water supply and balance variability in supply and demand, (iii) the surface spreading/infiltration method is the most common MAR method, (iv) surface water is the main water source for MAR, and (v) the total annual recharge volume is about 158 Mm3 /year. MAR schemes exist in both urban and rural Africa, which exemplify the advancement of MAR implementation as well as its out scaling potential. Further, MAR schemes are most commonly found in areas of high inter-annual variability in water availability. If properly planned, implemented, managed, maintained and adapted to local conditions, MAR has large potential in securing water and increasing resilience in Africa. Ultimately, realizing the full potential of MAR in Africa will require undertaking hydrogeological and hydrological studies to determine feasibility of MAR, especially in geographic regions of high inter-annual climate variability and growing water demand. This, supported by increased research to gauge success of existing MAR projects and to address challenges, would help with future siting, design and implementation of MAR in Africa.
Rain / Wastewater / Water reuse / Water supply / Water quality / Water availability / Climate change / Water security / Groundwater management / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge
Record No:H049796
Adimassu, Zenebe; Balana, B. B.; Appoh, Richard; Nartey, Eric. 2020.
The use of the wetting front detector as an irrigation-scheduling tool for pepper production in the upper east region of Ghana: evidence from field experiment and farmers' perceptions.
Irrigation and Drainage,
69(4):696-713.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
We compare the effect of the wetting front detector on yield and water productivity with farmersapos; practices (FP) and irrigation requirements based on crop water requirement calculation (IRCWR). A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the wetting front detector, FP and IRCWR combined with six fertilizer rates. We also interviewed 50 farmers to understand their perception about the use and associated concerns with the wetting front detector. Analysis of variance and partial budget economic analysis were performed. The results show that the wetting front detector saved 16% of irrigation water compared to FP, which in turn led to 16% labour saving to irrigate pepper as compared to FP. Yield and water productivity of pepper were not significantly affected by the irrigation regimes. Regardless of irrigation regimes, yield of pepper was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatment in both years. Although the highest fresh fruit yield of pepper (8.6 t ha-1 ) was recorded from Fortifer granules, the highest marginal rate of return was obtained from application of inorganic fertilizer including 173 N, 36 P,18 K ha ¹. The majority of farmers perceived the wetting front detector as low risk and compatible to use. The result also suggests that farmers are interested in buying and adopting the tool for future use.
Economic analysis / Field experimentation / Risks / Soil properties / Fertilizer application / Irrigation water / attitudes / Farmersapos / Water productivity / Water requirements / Crop water use / Pepper / Crop yield / Wetting front / Irrigation scheduling
Record No:H049734
Kookana, R. S.; Drechsel, Pay; Jamwal, P.; Vanderzalm, J. 2020.
Urbanisation and emerging economies: issues and potential solutions for water and food security.
Science of the Total Environment,
732:139057.
[DOI]
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Urbanisation will be one of the 21st centuryapos;s most transformative trends. By 2050, it will increase from 55% to 68%, more than doubling the urban population in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Urbanisation has multifarious (positive as well as negative) impacts on the wellbeing of humans and the environment. The 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) form the blueprint to achieve a sustainable future for all. Clean Water and Sanitation is a specific goal (SDG 6) within the suite of 17 interconnected goals. Here we provide an overview of some of the challenges that urbanisation poses in relation to SDG 6, especially in developing economies. Worldwide, several cities are on the verge of water crisis. Water distribution to informal settlements or slums in megacities (e.g. N50% population in the megacities of India) is essentially non-existent and limits access to adequate safe water supply. Besides due to poor sewer connectivity in the emerging economies, there is a heavy reliance on septic tanks, and other on-site sanitation (OSS) system and by 2030, 4.9 billion people are expected to rely on OSS. About 6293% of the urban population in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Indonesia rely on septic tanks, where septage treatment is rare. Globally, over 80% of wastewater is released to the environment without adequate treatment. About 11% of all irrigated croplands is irrigated with such untreated or poorly treated wastewater. In addition to acute and chronic health effects, this also results in significant pollution of often-limited surface and groundwater resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Direct and indirect water reuse plays a key role in global water and food security. Here we offer several suggestions to mitigate water and food insecurity in emerging economies.
Behavioural changes / Sustainable Development Goals / Rural urban relations / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Ecosystems / Environmental health / Suburban agriculture / Wastewater irrigation / Water scarcity / Water supply / Indicators / Monitoring / Water quality / Health hazards / Public health / Water reuse / Sanitation / Septic tanks / Costs / Wastewater treatment / Waste treatment / Waste management / Food security / Water security / Economic development / Urbanization
Record No:H049719
Williams, F. E.; Taron, Avinandan. 2020.
Demand-led extension: a gender analysis of attendance and key crops.
Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,
26(4):383-400.
[DOI]
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Purpose: The need to increase women’s access to extension has been extensively discussed. This paper assesses women’s access to extension services through the Plantwise extension approach as a baseline for future comparison of women’s access through other extension approaches. It also assesses whether crops that men and women farmers seek plant health advice on are similar or not, and attempts to disperse assumptions that continue to be made about what crops women and men grow. Approach: We analysed data from the Plantwise Online Management System for 13 countries using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: We show that the Plantwise extension approach enables higher levels of women’s access than generally reported for agricultural extension, that the crops that women and men seek extension advice on is not gender dependent, and there are few clear distinctions between their crops of interest. Practical implications: There is limited literature studying gender inclusiveness in different extension approaches. The findings add to the documentation of assessing women’s access to demand-driven extension. Theoretical implications: Plantwise is a new extension approach which needs to be assessed from spatial and temporal perspectives to understand whether demand-driven extension enables increased women’s access over time. Originality/value: Extension service provision is often based on assumptions about what crops are being grown. Small studies have challenged these assumptions, but this large dataset enables us to test these assumptions more thoroughly across 13 countries adding to the weight of evidence against the existence of women’s and men’s crops.
Cropping patterns / Male involvement / Women farmers / Farmer participation / s participation / Womenapos / Extension approaches / Gender analysis / Agricultural extension systems
Record No:H049538
Kafle, Kashi; Benfica, R.; Winters, P. 2020.
Does relative deprivation induce migration?: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics,
102(3):999-1019.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This analysis revisits the decades-old relative deprivation theory of migration. In contrast to the traditional view that migration is driven by absolute income maximization, we test whether relative deprivation induces migration in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the internationally comparable longitudinal data from integrated household and agriculture surveys from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, we use panel fixed effects to estimate the effects of relative deprivation on migration decisions. Using per capita consumption expenditure and multidimensional wealth index as well-being measures, we find that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its absolute well-being level but also on the relative position of the household in the well-being distribution of the community in which it resides. We also discover that the effect of relative deprivation on migration is amplified in rural, agricultural, and male-headed households. Results are robust to alternative specifications including the use of Hausman Taylor Instrumental Variable (HTIV) estimator and pooled data across the five countries. Results confirm that the “migration-relative deprivation” relationship also holds in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that policies designed to check ruralurban migration through rural transformation and poverty reduction programs should use caution because such programs can increase economic inequality, which further increases migration flow.
Models / Economic aspects / Socioeconomic environment / Living standards / Migrants / Expenditure / Household consumption / Deprivation / Migration
Record No:H049532
Balana, Bedru B.; Bizimana, J.-C.; Richardson, J. W.; Lefore, Nicole; Adimassu, Zenebe; Herbst, B. K. 2020.
Economic and food security effects of small-scale irrigation technologies in northern Ghana.
Water Resources and Economics,
29:100141
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Small-scale irrigation (SSI) technologies can be useful not only to increase crop productivity and income but also as a viable adaptation practice to climate variability. A farm simulation model (FARMSIM) and data from selected SSI technologies piloted in northern Ghana under the ‘Feed the Future-Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation’ (ILSSI) project were used to assess the economic feasibility of the SSI technologies and their potential to improve income and nutrition of smallholder farm households. Three dry season irrigated crops (onion, corchorus, amaranthus) grown under three agricultural water management regimes were analysed. Results show that adoption of the SSI technologies could increase the net farm profit by 154%608% against the baseline depending on the ‘crop type - SSI technology’ combination. Nutrition levels also improved significantly as a result of the improvements in crop yields due to irrigation and use of complementary inputs. However, the results further reveal that the options that utilize capital-intensive SSI technologies such as solar-powered water pumps to grow high value cash crops are constrained by the high investment cost. Currently, farmers tend to choose low-cost SSI technologies such as a traditional watering-cans, which generate low economic returns. Improving access to credit or alternative financing schemes could mitigate the capital constraints and enable smallholders to gain more benefits from participating in market-oriented high-value irrigated production.
Food consumption / Household consumption / Feasibility studies / Climate change / Pumps / Profit / Water availability / Water management / Agricultural production / Seasonal cropping / Crop yield / Crop production / Nutrition / Smallholders / Farm income / Economic situation / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Household food security
Record No:H049159
Dembele, M.; Zwart, Sander; Ceperley, N.; Mariethoz, G.; Schaefli, B. 2020.
Multivariate and spatially calibrated hydrological model for assessing climate change impacts on hydrological processes in West Africa.
Paper presented at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2020, Online, 4-8 May 2020. 2p.
[DOI]
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Multivariate analysis / Calibration / Models / Hydrology / Assessment / Climate change
Record No:H050011
Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. 2020.
Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change.
Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan 638p.
(Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
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(103 MB)
Strategies / Resilience / Ecosystem services / Maize / Root crops / Cereal crops / Tubers / Tree crops / Yield gap / Households / Socioeconomic environment / Hunger / Poverty / Living standards / Farmers / Smallholders / Women / Gender / Agricultural population / Human capital / Trade / Market access / Investment / Technology / Energy / Nutrition security / Natural resources / Water management / Soil fertility / Fertilizers / Drylands / Highlands / Forests / Agricultural extension / Fish culture / Livestock / Land tenure / Farm size / Diversification / Intensification / Agricultural productivity / Perennials / Agropastoral systems / Mixed farming / Large scale systems / Irrigated farming / Sustainable development / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Policies / Climate change / Food security / Farming systems
Record No:H049739
Garrity, D.; Dixon, J.; Mburathi, G.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T. 2020.
Conclusions: implementation of the farming systems approach for African food security.
In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.589-598.
(Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
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Households / Stakeholders / Institutions / Policies / Strategies / Rural development / Technology / Innovation platforms / Market access / Sustainability / Nutrition security / Intensification / Diversification / Food systems / Farming systems / Food security
Record No:H049743
Dixon, J.; Garrity, D.; Mburathi, G.; Boffa, J.-M.; Amede, T.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan. 2020.
Ways forward: strategies for effective science, investments and policies for African farming and food systems.
In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.562-588.
(Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
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Energy / Strategies / Social capital / Population / Farmers / Nonfarm income / Market access / Investment / Policies / Technology / Innovation platforms / Sustainability / Diversification / Intensification / Nutrition security / Food security / Agricultural development / Food systems / Farming systems
Record No:H049742
Dixon, J.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; de Leeuw, J.; Fischer, G.; van Velthuizen, H. 2020.
Farming and food systems potentials.
In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.535-561.
(Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
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Ecosystem services / Natural resources management / Technology / Policies / Institutions / Strategies / Labour mobility / Living standards / Households / Poverty / Market access / Livestock / Nonfarm income / Farm size / Farmers / Agricultural population / Diversification / Intensification / Yield gap / Agricultural productivity / Nutrition security / Food security / Food systems / Farming systems
Record No:H049741
Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Faures, J.-M.; Namara, R.; Snyder, K. 2020.
Large-scale irrigated farming system: the potential and challenges to improve food security, livelihoods and ecosystem management.
In Dixon, J.; Garrity, D. P.; Boffa, J.-M.; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Amede, T.; Auricht, C.; Lott, R.; Mburathi, G. (Eds.). Farming systems and food security in Africa: priorities for science and policy under global change. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.423-449.
(Earthscan Food and Agriculture Series)
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Strategies / Gender / Farmers / Poverty / Population / Households / Institutions / Energy / Water management / Investment / Policies / Markets / Rice / Sustainability / Agricultural productivity / Ecosystems / Living standards / Food security / Irrigated farming / Large scale farming / Farming systems
Record No:H049740
Hanjra, Munir A.; Williams, Timothy O. 2020.
Global change and investments in smallholder irrigation for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In Gomez y Paloma, S.; Riesgo, L.; Louhichi, K. (Eds.). The role of smallholder farms in food and nutrition security. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp.99-131.
[DOI]
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Investments in irrigation contribute to poverty reduction and enhance food security. This paper considers irrigation investments more broadly in the context of ruralurban linkages and thus examines rural irrigation schemes and peri-urban and urban agriculture using freshwater, groundwater and wastewater. We present case studies from East, West and Southern Africa, while focusing on the imperative of smallholders and of food security and nutrition. Evidence from Big Data and telecoupling show that, amid global change and sustainability issues, irrigation development strengthens connections between humans and nature with notable benefits to food security. Transforming investments to feed the future generation require priority investments in irrigation, solar energy for groundwater pumping, groundwater development policy, and integration of peri-urban and urban agriculture into food systems. Equally important will be no-regret interventions in wastewater reuse, water storage and groundwater buffer, micro-irrigation, and wholesale reconfiguration of farming systems, through anticipatory investments, to safeguard food security and sustainability into the distant future.
Sustainability / Groundwater development / Surface water / Solar energy / Water policy / Water reuse / Wastewater irrigation / Public-private partnerships / Business models / Poverty / Small scale systems / Intensification / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Rural urban relations / Public investment / Irrigation schemes / Smallholders / Nutrition security / Food security
Record No:H049733
Joly, Gabrielle; Nikiema, Josiane. 2019.
Global experiences on waste processing with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): from technology to business.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 62p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 16)
[DOI]
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Black soldier fly colonies can produce about 100 times more protein per year than chicken or soybeans, not to mention cattle, on the same area of land. The flies can directly feed on different types of organic wastes, leapfrogging closed loop processes within a circular food economy. Also, where no protein is needed, for example, to feed fish or pigs, the larvae can be processed into high-quality biodiesel. However, can this be done at scale? The answer is ‘Yes’. The report showcases some of the leading global businesses in Black Soldier Fly production.
Case studies / Markets / Business models / Public health / Social benefits / Legal aspects / Environmental effects / Costs / Economic value / Economic impact / Monitoring / Infrastructure / Energy conservation / Nutrients / Fertilizers / Organic wastes / Residues / Chitin / Biodiesel / Biofuels / Biomass / Feedstocks / Animal feeding / Lipid content / Harvesting / Yields / Pupae / Larvae / Breeding / Insect farming / Bioconversion / Life cycle / Hermetia illucens / Black soldier fly / Technology / Waste reduction / Waste treatment / Waste management / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049395
Jayathilake, Nilanthi; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Fernando, Sudarshana; Hanjra, M. A. 2019.
Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 57p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 14)
[DOI]
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In low- and middle-income countries, the management of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems has received little attention over many decades, resulting in insufficient or missing regulations to guide investments and management options. To address this gap, this report examines existing and emerging guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management (FSM) along the sanitation service chain (user interface, containment, emptying, transport, treatment, valorization, reuse or disposal). It also draws empirical examples from guidelines across the globe to support policy-makers, planners, and sanitation and health officers, as well as consultants in low- and middle-income countries in the development and design of local and national FSM guidelines and regulations.
European Union / Governmental organizations / Institutions / Stakeholders / Households / Urban areas / Land use / Occupational hazards / Environmental protection / Fuels / Energy generation / Composting / Organic fertilizers / Sewage sludge / Soil conditioners / Microplastics / Heavy metals / Pollutants / Aquaculture / Pathogens / Excreta / Public health / Operating costs / Transport / Septic tanks / Pit latrines / Waste treatment / Waste disposal / Technology / Frameworks / Sustainable Development Goals / Policies / Standards / Regulations / Guidelines / Sanitation / Faecal sludge / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049291
Arulingam, Indika; Nigussie, Likimyelesh; Senaratna Sellamuttu, Sonali; Debevec, Liza. 2019.
Youth participation in small-scale fisheries, aquaculture and value chains in Africa and the Asia-Pacific.
Penang, Malaysia: CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems 66p.
(CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems Program Report: FISH-2019-14)
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IWMI, a managing partner of FISH, conducted an assessment of youth participation in SSF, aquaculture and value chains between November 2017 and May 2018. The assessment was conducted in Africa and the Asia-Pacific, with a particular focus on the FISH focal countries of Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia in Africa and Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar and Solomon Islands in the Asia-Pacific. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the participation of youth in fisheries and aquaculture, including opportunities and challenges for participation, (ii) understand what WorldFish and key partners (government organizations, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs] and others) are doing in the focal countries in relation to youth participation, and (iii) (based on the former two points) provide potential areas for further research that could support improved youth participation in aquaculture, SSF and value chains. In this report, definitions of SSF and aquaculture are adopted from WorldFish.
Ecosystems / Agricultural sector / Political aspects / Economic aspects / International organizations / Stakeholders / State intervention / Working conditions / Social status / Decision making / Living standards / Technology / Strategies / Policies / Income generation / Financing / Land access / Education / Access to information / s empowerment / Womenapos / Gender / Fishers / Value chains / Aquaculture / Participation / Youth employment / Small-scale fisheries
Record No:H049615
Debevec, Liza; Compaore-Sawadogo, E. M. F. W.; Somda-Kabore, Letisia Rolande; Kando, Adeline Dorothee. 2019.
Guide pratique. L’approche participative pour une gestion plus inclusive et durable des ressources en eau a travers les Comites Locaux de l’Eau, etape par etape: theorie, methodologie et exemples. In French.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 48p.
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Rural development / Gender / Methods / Planning / Participatory approaches / Participatory management / Watersheds / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management
Record No:H049448
Pradhan, Surendra K.; Cofie, Olufunke; Nikiema, Josiane; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2019.
Fecal sludge derived products as fertilizer for lettuce cultivation in urban agriculture.
Sustainability,
11(24):7101.
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Fecal sludge (FS) contains a significant amount of plant nutrients. FS (treated/untreated) has been used as soil ameliorant in several countries. Use of FS-based compost on lettuce may meet reservations due to possible microbiological contamination. The objectives of this research are: (1) To determine the fertilizer value of different formulations of sawdust and fecal sludge compost (SDFS) pellets, and (2) to compare the effect of these SDFS formulations with poultry manure, commercial compost, mineral fertilizer, and non-fertilization on lettuce cultivation. The SDFS products were made by enriching, and pelletized with ammonium sulphate, mineral-NPK, or ammonium sulphate + muriate of potash + triple superphosphate. Lettuce was cultivated in a greenhouse and an open field. The result showed that the saleable fresh weight lettuce yield obtained from all SDFS pellets with/without enrichments were higher than those obtained from commercial compost, poultry manure, mineral fertilizer, or no fertilizer. Cultivation in the open field gave higher yields than those in the greenhouse. No helminth eggs were detected in composts or lettuces. Some fecal coliforms were detected in lettuces fertilized with almost all fertilizers tested, including NPK and non-fertilized control. A properly treated fecal sludge-based fertilizer can be a sustainable solution for lettuce production, which helps urban and peri-urban agriculture.
Poultry manure / Soil chemicophysical properties / Faecal coliforms / Hygiene / Enrichment / Sludge dewatering / Pellets / Composting / Waste treatment / Waste management / Nutrients / Crop yield / Sustainable products / Greenhouse crops / Soil fertility / Fertilization / Cultivation / Lettuces / Urban agriculture / Organic fertilizers / Faecal sludge
Record No:H049661
Djagba, J. F.; Kouyate, A. M.; Baggie, I.; Zwart, Sander J. 2019.
A geospatial dataset of inland valleys in four zones in Benin, Sierra Leone and Mali.
Data in Brief,
23:103699.
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The dataset described in this data article represents four agricultural zones in West-Africa that are located in three countries: Benin, Mali and Sierra Leone. The dataset was created through a research collaboration between the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI) and the Institute for Rural Economy (IER). The dataset was compiled to investigate the potential for rice production in inland valleys of the three countries. The results of the investigation were published in Dossou-Yovo et al. (2017) and Djagba et al. (2018). The dataset describes the biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of 499 inland valleys in the four agricultural zones. In each inland valley data were collected through a focus group interview with a minimum of three farmers. In 499 interviews a total of 7496 farmers participated. The location of each inland valley was determined with handheld GPS devices. The geographic locations were used to extract additional parameters from digital maps on soils, elevation, population density, rainfall, flow accumulation, and distances to roads, market places, rice mills, chemical input stores, and settlements. The dataset contains 65 parameters in four themes (location, biophysical characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, and inland valley land development and use). The GPS coordinates indicate the location of an inland valley, but they do not lead to the location of individual fields of farmers that were interviewed. The dataset is publicly shared as Supplementary data to this data article.
Valleys / Geographical distribution / Socioeconomic environment / Farmers / Agricultural development / Datasets / Spatial data
Record No:H049424
Cuthbert, M. O.; Taylor, R. G.; Favreau, G.; Todd, M. C.; Shamsudduha, M.; Villholth, Karen G.; MacDonald, A. M.; Scanlon, B. R.; Kotchoni, D. O. V.; Vouillamoz, J.-M.; Lawson, F. M. A.; Adjomayi, P. A.; Kashaigili, J.; Seddon, D.; Sorensen, J. P. R.; Ebrahim, Girma Yimer; Owor, M.; Nyenje, P. M.; Nazoumou, Y.; Goni, I.; Ousmane, B. I.; Sibanda, T.; Ascott, M. J.; Macdonald, D. M. J.; Agyekum, W.; Koussoube, Y.; Wanke, H.; Kim, H.; Wada, Y.; Lo, M.-H.; Oki, T.; Kukuric, N. 2019.
Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa.
Nature,
572(7768):230-234.
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Groundwater in sub-Saharan Africa supports livelihoods and poverty alleviation1,2 , maintains vital ecosystems, and strongly influences terrestrial water and energy budgets3 . Yet the hydrological processes that govern groundwater recharge and sustainabilityand their sensitivity to climatic variabilityare poorly constrained4,5 . Given the absence of firm observational constraints, it remains to be seen whether model-based projections of decreased water resources in dry parts of the region4 are justified. Here we show, through analysis of multidecadal groundwater hydrographs across sub-Saharan Africa, that levels of aridity dictate the predominant recharge processes, whereas local hydrogeology influences the type and sensitivity of precipitationrecharge relationships. Recharge in some humid locations varies by as little as five per cent (by coefficient of variation) across a wide range of annual precipitation values. Other regions, by contrast, show roughly linear precipitationrecharge relationships, with precipitation thresholds (of roughly ten millimetres or less per day) governing the initiation of recharge. These thresholds tend to rise as aridity increases, and recharge in drylands is more episodic and increasingly dominated by focused recharge through losses from ephemeral overland flows. Extreme annual recharge is commonly associated with intense rainfall and flooding events, themselves often driven by large-scale climate controls. Intense precipitation, even during years of lower overall precipitation, produces some of the largest years of recharge in some dry subtropical locations. Our results therefore challenge the ‘high certainty’ consensus regarding decreasing water resources4 in such regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The potential resilience of groundwater to climate variability in many areas that is revealed by these precipitationrecharge relationships is essential for informing reliable predictions of climate-change impacts and adaptation strategies.
Rain / Arid zones / Models / Hydrography / Hydrology / Precipitation / Observation / Groundwater table / Resilience / Climate change / Groundwater recharge
Record No:H049316
Balana, Bedru B.; Sanfo, S.; Barbier, B.; Williams, Timothy; Kolavalli, S. 2019.
Assessment of flood recession agriculture for food security in northern Ghana: an optimization modelling approach.
Agricultural Systems,
173:536-543.
[DOI]
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Food insecurity is a recurrent problem in northern Ghana. Food grown during the rainy season is often insufficient to meet household food needs, with some households experiencing severe food insecurity for up to five months in a year. Flood recession agriculture (FRA) an agricultural practice that relies on residual soil moisture and nutrients left by receding flood water is ordinarily practiced by farmers along the floodplains of the White Volta River in northern Ghana under low-input low-output conditions. Opportunities abound to promote highly productive FRA as a means of extending the growing season beyond the short rainy season (from May to September) into the dry season and thereby increase household income and food security of smallholder farmers. This study uses an optimization modelling approach to explore this potential by analyzing the crop mix and agricultural water management options that will maximize household income and enhance food security. Results indicate that growing cowpea, groundnut and melon under residual-moisture based FRA and high value crops (onion, pepper, and tomato) under supplementary irrigation FRA maximize household income and food security. The cash income from the sale of FRA crops was sufficient to purchase food items that ensure consumption smoothing during the food-insecure months. The study concludes that the full potential of FRA will be realized through a careful selection of crop mixtures and by enhancing access of farmers to improved seeds, integrated pest management and credit and mainstreaming FRA through targeted policy interventions and institutional support.
Communities / Land allocation / Wet season / Dry season / Soil moisture / Rainfed farming / Farmers / Smallholders / Food consumption / Household income / Supplemental irrigation / Models / Food security / Crop production / Water management / Floodplains / Agricultural practices
Record No:H049190
Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Taron, A.; Amewu, Sena. 2019.
Investment climate indicators for waste reuse enterprises in developing countries: application of analytical hierarchy process and goal programming model.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling,
144: 223-232.
[DOI]
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This study applied a combined analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and goal programming (GP) model to assist decision makers in identifying and prioritizing key investment climate (IC) indicators for waste recycling and reuse enterprises in developing countries. Taking a sector based perspective, key IC criteria and indicators were identified and ranked through country stakeholder workshops in Ghana and Kenya. Three different key decision maker groups namely government agencies, private waste reuse enterprises and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were involved in identifying and ranking of IC criteria and indicators. The IC criteria identified were policy and infrastructure, finance, business support and markets. A number of indicators across each of the criteria were also identified. By incorporating qualitative and quantitative assessments, criteria and indicator rankings are determined using the AHP and GP model. Model results for Ghana revealed that both the private sector and NGO group ranked finance as the most important criterion while markets was the most important criterion for the government organization group. In contrast, none of the stakeholder groups in Kenya ranked finance as the most important criterion. This indicates that reform priorities of waste reuse sector vary across countries depending on the country’s current situation. The approach adopted in this study enables the criteria and indicators for assessing sector specific investment climate to be clearly identified and the decision making problem to be structured systematically. The exercise can be extended to other countries to elicit priority ranking of IC criteria and indicators for waste reuse enterprises.
Private sector / Financing / Market economies / Nongovernmental organizations / Government agencies / Stakeholders / Indicators / Climate change / Analytical methods / Decision making / Developing countries / Business enterprises / Reuse / Resource recovery / Investment / Waste treatment
Record No:H049094
Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Mankaapos;abusi, D.; Steiner, C.; Werner, S.; Haering, V.; Lompo, D. J.-P.; Nyarko, G.; Marschner, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Buerkert, A. 2019.
Nutrient flows and balances in intensively managed vegetable production of two West African cities.
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,
182(2):229-243.
[DOI]
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This study reports and analyzes nutrient balances in experimental vegetable production systems of the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) over a twoyear period comprising thirteen and eleven crops, respectively. Nutrient-use efficiency was also calculated. In Tamale and Ouagadougou, up to 2% (8 and 80 kg N ha1) of annually applied fertilizer nitrogen were leached. While biochar application or wastewater irrigation on fertilized plots did not influence N leaching in both cities, P and K leaching, as determined with ion-absorbing resin cartridges, were reduced on biochar-amended plots in Tamale. Annual nutrient balances amounted to +362 kg N ha1, +217 kg P ha1, and 125 kg K ha1 in Tamale, while Ouagadougou had balances of up to +692 kg N ha1, +166 kg P ha1, and 175 kg K ha1 y1. Under farmers’ practice of fertilization, agronomic nutrient-use efficiencies were generally higher in Tamale than in Ouagadougou, but declined in both cities during the last season. This was the result of the higher nutrient inputs in Ouagadougou compared to Tamale and relatively lower outputs. The high N and P surpluses and K deficits call for adjustments in local fertilization practices to enhance nutrient-use efficiency and prevent risks of eutrophication.
Crop production / Emission / Irrigation water / Soil fertility / Potassium / Phosphorus / Nitrogen fertilizers / Volatilization / Leaching / Horticulture / Biochar / Nutrient use efficiency / Nutrient balance / Vegetable growing / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H049077
Worqlul, A. W.; Dile, Y. T.; Jeong, J.; Adimassu, Zenebe; Lefore, Nicole; Gerik, T.; Srinivasan, R.; Clarke, N. 2019.
Effect of climate change on land suitability for surface irrigation and irrigation potential of the shallow groundwater in Ghana.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,
157: 110-125
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Estimating the potential land resources suitable for irrigation and evaluating the possible impact of climate change on land suitability is essential for planning a sustainable agricultural system. This study applied a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique to evaluate the suitability of land for irrigation in Ghana for a baseline period (1990 to 2010) and future time horizons 2050s (2041 to 2060) and 2070s (2061 to 2080). Key factors considered to evaluate the suitability of the land for irrigation include biophysical features (such as climate, land use, soil, and slope) and socioeconomic factors (such as proximity to roads and population density). These factors were weighted using a pairwise comparison matrix then reclassified and overlaid on a 30 m grid to estimate the irrigation potential of the country. Groundwater data from the British Geological Survey (BGS) were superimposed onto the land suitability map layer to evaluate the irrigation potential and the accessibility of shallow groundwater with simple water lifting technologies. Downscaled and bias-corrected future climate data from HadGEM2-ES under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 emission scenario were used to represent the future climate horizon. Due to climate change, on average, rainfall will increase by 15 mm and 20 mm from the baseline period in the 2050s and 2070s, respectively. The average temperature shows a consistent increase in the majority of Ghana and a higher rate of increase is expected in the 2070s. Consequently, the rising temperature will increase the potential evapotranspiration by 6.0% and 7.6% in the 2050s and 2070s, respectively. The suitability analysis indicates that approximately 9% of the country is suitable for surface irrigation under the baseline period. A large portion of the potential land is located in the southwestern part of the country. The potential suitable land has an average groundwater access of 12 m from the surface with an average borehole potential yield of 2.5 L/second, which makes it favorable for utilization of simple water lifting technologies. Due to climate change, 9.5% of the suitable land will become unfavorable for irrigation in 2050s, and it is expected to reach 17% in 2070s.
Evapotranspiration / Temperature / Rainfall / Population density / Socioeconomic environment / Soils / Slope / GIS / Surface water / Water resources / Groundwater management / Surface irrigation / Irrigation methods / Land use / Land suitability / Climate change
Record No:H049052
Tarpanelli, A.; Santi, E.; Tourian, M. J.; Filippucci, P.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Brocca, L. 2019.
Daily river discharge estimates by merging satellite optical sensors and radar altimetry through artificial neural network.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
57(1):329-341.
[DOI]
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Thanks to the large number of satellites, the multimission approach is becoming a viable method to integrate measurements and intensify the number of samples in space and time for monitoring the earth system. In this paper, we merged data from different satellite missions, optical sensors, and altimetry, for estimating daily river discharge through the application of the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. ANN was selected among other retrieval techniques because it offers an easy but effective way of combining input data from different sources into the same retrieval algorithm. The network is trained in a calibration period and validated in an independent period against in situ observations of river discharge for two gauging sites: Lokoja along the Niger River and Pontelagoscuro along the Po River. For optical sensors, we found that the temporal resolution is more important than the spatial resolution for obtaining accurate discharge estimates. Our results show that Landsat fails in the estimation of extreme events by missing most of the peak values due to its long revisit time (1416 days). Better performances are obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer. Radar altimetry provides results in between MODIS-TERRA and MODIS-AQUA at Lokoja, whereas it outperforms all single optical sensors at Pontelagoscuro. The multimission approach, involving optical sensors and altimetry, is found the most reliable tool to estimate river discharge with a relative root-mean-square error of 0.12% and 0.27% and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.98 and 0.83 for the Niger and Po rivers, respectively.
Case studies / Time series analysis / Performance indexes / Radar / Neural networks / Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer / Landsat / Satellite imagery / Remote sensing / Water levels / Estimation / Discharges / Rivers
Record No:H048997
Karg, H.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Drechsel, Pay; Abubakari, A.-H.; Buerkert, A. 2019.
Food- and feed-based nutrient flows in two West African cities.
Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,
115(2):173-188.
[DOI]
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Recent studies have examined the urban metabolism of cities using urban consumption as a proxy for food inflows but very few studies have aimed at quantifying the role of cities as trade hubs and nutrient sinks of their hinterlands. We therefore examined the linkages between food and animal feed supply, their places of production and nutrient flows through the urban system in the two West African cities of Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Using primary data on food and feed flows, and secondary data to assess the transformation of these flows into nutrient terms, we show that, besides urban consumption, the function of the two study sites as trade hubs significantly determines nutrient flows. In Tamale, gt; 50% of the nutrient inflows was neither consumed nor was lost in situ but left that city again for other destinations. At least 30% of the incoming cereals was stored in the city for later consumption or export. Ouagadougou relied more on imported goods with 40% of N imported from foreign countries compared to Tamale where only 10% of the N was imported, thus contributing to heavier nutrient extraction in remote production areas.
Animal feeding / Metabolism / Urban areas / Resource recovery / Nutrient content / Food crop / Food production / Food industry / Food consumption / Food supply
Record No:H048873
Mark, Y.-A.; Amoah, Philip; Nelson, A. W.; Muspratt, A.; Aikins, S. 2019.
Safety assessment on microbial and heavy metal concentration in clarias gariepinus (African catfish) cultured in treated wastewater pond in Kumasi, Ghana.
Environmental Technology,
40(3):302-311.
[DOI]
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This study assesses the microbial and heavy metal distribution in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in waste stabilization pond, and their subsequent suitability for human consumption. Treated wastewater-fed pond (WFP) was used in the culture of the fish with a non-wastewater fed pond (NWFP), fed with ground and rain water as control. Pond water, sediments and fish tissue (gill, liver, gut and skin) samples from both sources were analyzed for pathogens and heavy metal levels. Escherichia coli populations in the sediments and water from the WFP exceeded the maximum permissible limit by 23 log units as expected. Significantly higher levels of pathogen contamination were detected in the gut and skin of fish from the WFP than the NWFP. Heavy metal concentrations in all samples fell within the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) permissible limits except for iron and cadmium. There were significantly higher heavy metal concentrations in gill and liver than the muscle. Even though iron recorded the highest concentrations in fish tissue, the concentrations (0.12.0 mg kg-1) were below the expected daily nutritional requirement (12 mg) for humans and pose no toxicological risk. However, catfish from WFP would require precautionary measures such as cooking/grilling prior to consumption to avoid pathogen infection.
Health hazards / Sediment / Chemicophysical properties / Pathogens / Microbiological analysis / Fish ponds / Wastewater / Risk assessment / Heavy metals / Biological contamination / African catfish / Aquaculture
Record No:H048447
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2019.
Towards a circular economy.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 4p.
(IWMI Success Stories 026)
[DOI]
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Partnerships / Business models / Innovation / Research programmes / Policies / Sanitation / Composting / Economic aspects / Reuse / Resource recovery / Waste treatment
Record No:H049246
Merrey, D. J.; Lefore, Nicole. 2018.
Improving the availability and effectiveness of rural and “Micro” finance for small-scale irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of lessons learned.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 46p.
(IWMI Working Paper 185)
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This paper reviews the evidence available on the provision of financing for African smallholder farmers to purchase irrigation equipment such as pumps, pipes and drip irrigation systems. It sets the scene by first reviewing the literature on experiences with providing microcredit and other microfinance services as a poverty reduction strategy. Based on both case studies and several systematic reviews of the literature, it finds that the outcomes and impacts on poverty, gender equity and broader economic development are mixed at best. Microcredit is not a silver bullet solution to poverty, but it can often help poor households improve their lives. The paper then reviews the demand for and supply of financing for smallholders to purchase irrigation equipment. In surveys, farmers express a strong demand for equipment such as pumps, but often point to the lack of affordable and appropriately designed credit as a critical impediment to gaining access to such equipment. Even where microfinance institutions offer agricultural credit, it is usually short-term seasonal credit to purchase seeds and fertilizer. Credit on these terms is not useful to purchase equipment costing several hundred dollars. Focusing on programs specifically aimed at enabling farmers to purchase irrigation equipment, no credible detailed studies were found documenting the impacts and lessons learned. However, there are currently (as of 2018) numerous promising pilot studies and small projects offering a variety of approaches to enable smallholders to make such purchases. The paper reviews what information is available on these. A major recommendation of this paper is that a research project should be designed to carry out studies of these various experiments to identify what works under what conditions, as a basis for scaling out programs to offer financial services aimed at assisting smallholders to gain access to small-scale irrigation equipment.
Case studies / Insurance / Grants / Business models / Water resources / Poverty / Investment / Credit policies / Microcredit / Supply chain / Households / Farming systems / Smallholders / Solar energy / Pumps / Drip irrigation / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation equipment / Rural communities / Empowerment / Women’s participation / Agricultural credit / Small scale systems / Financial institutions / Rural finance / Microfinance / Financing
Record No:H049027
Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Amewu, S.; Njenga, M. 2018.
Adoption and economic impact of briquettes as cooking fuel: the case of women fish smokers in Ghana.
In Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. (Eds.). Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.25-31.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
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Case studies / Policy making / Climate change / Health hazards / Local communities / Household consumption / Socioeconomic environment / Rural areas / Biomass / Charcoal / Fuelwood / Fish / Food preservation / Food processing / Role of women / Fuels / Energy sources / Heating / Cooking / Briquettes / Economic impact
Record No:H049000
Njenga, M.; Mendum, R. 2018.
Recovering bioenergy in Sub-Saharan Africa: gender dimensions, lessons and challenges.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 96p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse: Special Issue)
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There is a strong link between gender and energy in view of food preparation and the acquisition of fuel, especially in rural areas. This is demonstrated in a range of case studies from East and West Africa, where biochar, human waste and other waste resources have been used to produce briquettes or biogas as additional high-quality fuel sources. The synthesis of the cases concludes that resource recovery and reuse for energy offers an alternative to conventional centralized grid projects which, while attractive to investors and large-scale enterprises, do not necessarily provide job opportunities for marginalized communities. Reusing locally available waste materials for energy production and as soil ameliorant (in the case of biochar) in small enterprises allows women and youth who lack business capital to begin modest, locally viable businesses. The case studies offer concrete examples of small-scale solutions to energy poverty that can make a significant difference to the lives of women and their communities.
Case studies / Research and development / Community involvement / Gasifiers / Biodigesters / Farmers organizations / Living standards / Empowerment / Investment / Biomass / Biochar / Biogas / Economic impact / Health hazards / Production factors / Supply chain / Refugees / Households / Urban areas / Sanitation / Marketing / Business enterprises / Briquettes / Fuels / Excreta / Human wastes / Waste management / Heating / Cooking / Renewable energy / Energy resources / Energy demand / Energy generation / Poverty / Equity / Role of women / Gender / Bioenergy / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H048999
Lazurko, Anita. 2018.
Assessing the value of resource recovery and reuse: social, environmental and economic costs and benefits for value creation and human well-being.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 41p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 13)
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To understand the full value of Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR), a systematic assessment approach that balances complexity with practicality is required. This report highlights the methods available for quantifying and valuing social, environmental and economic costs and benefits of RRR, focusing on Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) as the primary framework. Rather than prescribing a standardized technique for conducting CBA for RRR, this report presents broad frameworks and several examples that can be catered to individual contexts. This results in a suggested eight-step process accompanied with suggested assessment techniques which have to be tailored to the type of question the assessment is meant to answer and related system boundaries.
Case studies / Nutrients / Urban areas / Living standards / Social aspects / Fortification / Developing countries / Rural communities / Anaerobic digesters / Composting / Biogas / Energy generation / Groundwater management / Equity / Ecosystem services / Farming systems / Decision analysis / Decision making / Faecal sludge / Waste management / Waste disposal / Food wastes / Solid wastes / Municipal wastes / Organic wastes / Industrial wastes / Agricultural wastes / Agroindustrial sector / Wastewater treatment / Cost benefit analysis / Economic growth / Economic value / Environmental impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Water reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049081
Otoo, Miriam; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Danso, G.; Amewu, Sena; Amirova, Iroda. 2018.
Market adoption and diffusion of fecal sludge-based fertilizer in developing countries: crosscountry analyses.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 68p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 12)
[DOI]
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The safe recovery of nutrients from our waste streams allows us to address the challenges of waste management and soil nutrient depletion conjointly. Commercialization of waste-based organic fertilizers such as FortiferTM (fecal sludge-based co-compost) has the potential to generate significant benefits for developing economies via cost recovery for the sanitation sector and the provision of an alternative agricultural input for smallholder farmers. To guide future FortiferTM businesses, this report presents examples of detailed market assessments, based on farmers’ perceptions, attitudes and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a pelletized and non-pelletized FortiferTM co-compost. The research was conducted in the Greater Accra and Western regions in Ghana, and in and around Kampala (Uganda), Bangalore (India), Hanoi (Vietnam), and Kurunegala (Sri Lanka). Cross-country analyses helped to understand the effects of market drivers and, where possible, capture lessons learned for knowledge sharing.
Partnerships / Incentives / Farmers’ attitudes / Composting / Agricultural production / Businesses / Sanitation / Cost recovery / Economic analysis / Economic development / Pelleting / Agricultural wastes / Solid wastes / Liquid fertilizers / Nutrients / Soil fertility / Waste management / Fertilizer application / Excreta / Assessment / Market prices / Market economies / Developing countries / Organic fertilizers / Faecal sludge / Reuse / Resource management / Resource recovery
Record No:H049028
Cobbing, J. 2018.
The North West dolomite aquifers, South Africa: a stalled opportunity for water security and development.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 20p.
(Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP) Case Profile Series 03)
[DOI]
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The karst dolomite aquifers of the North West Province in South Africa are among the most important in the nation. They serve as key water sources for municipal water supply and irrigation, and are also ecologically important in supplying springs that feed important rivers. Over-abstraction and consequent falling groundwater levels jeopardize water supply security, with increasing costs and risks to sustainable development. Better aquifer and conjunctive water management would improve water supply security and lower costs, with wider benefits to many sectors. This GRIPP Case Profile discusses these challenges and management experiences through the examples of two representative North West dolomite aquifers - the Grootfontein and Steenkoppies aquifers. These aquifers are relatively well understood hydrogeologically, and modern South African water law mandates sustainable use. Yet, underperforming collaboration between stakeholders using and managing the aquifers at various levels, and poor support from the national authority have led to an entrenched suboptimal equilibrium where stakeholders are reluctant to change behavior, despite awareness of the negative outcomes. Neither prescriptive local nor top-down organization has been effective. The synthesis argues for prioritized input from a legally mandated and capacitated convening authority (the national Department of Water and Sanitation) to catalyze and support effective local stakeholder groups and other governance initiatives. It calls for a renewed effort by this convening authority and other stakeholders, emphasizing mutually beneficial or “win-win” outcomes.
Costs / Farmers / Stakeholders / Hydrogeology / Local authorities / Municipal authorities / Policy making / Regulations / Legal aspects / Public health / Dolomite / Water institutions / Water supply / Water quality / Water user associations / Water governance / Water resources development / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater level / Groundwater management / Aquifers
Record No:H048970
Dickens, Chris; O’Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, M.; Rowntree, K.; Graham, M.; Ross-Gillespie, V.; MacKenzie, J.; Wymenga, E.; Mapedza, Everisto; Burnet, M.; Desai, M.; Hean, J. 2018.
E-Flows for the Upper Niger River and Inner Niger Delta: specialist response report for vegetation, fish, invertebrates and birds. [Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Wetlands International].
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 104p.
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Modelling / Sediment / Floodplains / Water quality / Water resources / Sanitation / Vectors / Pathogens / Parasites / Onchocerciasis / Malaria / Risk assessment / Waterborne diseases / Public health / Living standards / Deltas / Rivers / Biodiversity / Habitats / Aquatic environment / Ecosystem services / Birds / Invertebrates / Fisheries / Vegetation / Environmental flows
Record No:H049436
Dickens, Chris; O’Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, M.; Rowntree, K.; Graham, M.; Ross-Gillespie, V. 2018.
E-flows for the Upper Niger and Inner Niger Delta: specialist reports - hydrology, hydraulics, geomorphology and water quality. [Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Wetlands International].
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 210p.
Keywords
Models / Population density / Mining / Land use / Hydrodynamics / Climate change / Risk assessment / Habitats / Sediment / Dams / Catchment areas / Flooding / Flow discharge / Groundwater / Surface water / Freshwater / Water resources / Deltas / River basins / Water quality / Geomorphology / Hydraulics / Hydrology / Environmental flows
Record No:H049435
Dickens, Chris; O’Brien, G.; Stassen, R.; Eriyagama, Nishadi; Kleynhans, M.; Rowntree, K.; Graham, M.; Ross-Gillespie, V.; MacKenzie, J.; Wymenga, E.; Mapedza, Everisto; Burnet, M.; Desai, M.; Hean, J. 2018.
E-flows for the Upper Niger River and Inner Niger Delta: synthesis report. [Project report prepared by the International Water Management Institute for Wetlands International].
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 201p.
Keywords
Case studies / Modelling / Hydrodynamics / Ecological factors / Social aspects / Living standards / Geomorphology / Indicators / Vegetation / Flow discharge / Water quality / Sediment / Dams / Floodplains / Fisheries / Manatees / Birds / Invertebrates / Habitats / Ecosystem services / Risk assessment / Monitoring / Aquatic ecosystems / Water resources / Deltas / Rivers / Environmental flows
Record No:H049434
Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; Finlayson, C. M.; Strauch, A.; Rosenqvist, A.; Perennou, C.; Totrup, C.; Hilarides, L.; Paganini, M.; Wielaard, N.; Siegert, F.; Ballhorn, U.; Navratil, P.; Franke, J.; Davidson, N. 2018.
The use of earth observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring: an information source for the Ramsar Convention on wetlands.
Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat 31p.
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Case studies / Mapping / Mangroves / Coastal area / Mediterranean region / Lakes / Ecology / Surface water / Water quality / Sustainable Development Goals / Land use / Land cover / Surveys / Environmental monitoring / Environmental impact assessment / Wetlands / Earth observation satellites
Record No:H049128
Theis, S.; Lefore, Nicole; Meinzen-Dick, R.; Bryan, E. 2018.
What happens after technology adoption?: gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania.
Agriculture and Human Values,
35(3):671-684.
[DOI]
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Diverse agricultural technologies are promoted to increase yields and incomes, save time, improve food and nutritional security, and even empower women. Yet a gender gap in technology adoption remains for many agricultural technologies, even for those that are promoted for women. This paper complements the literature on gender and technology adoption, which largely focuses on reasons for low rates of female technology adoption, by shifting attention to what happens within a household after it adopts a technology. Understanding the expected benefits and costs of adoption, from the perspective of women users in households with adult males, can help explain observed technology adoption rates and why technology adoption is often not sustained in the longer term. Drawing on qualitative data from Ethiopia, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper develops a framework for examining the intrahousehold distribution of benefits from technology adoption, focusing on small-scale irrigation technologies. The framework contributes to the conceptual and empirical exploration of joint control over technology by men and women in the same household. Efforts to promote technology adoption for agricultural development and women’s empowerment would benefit from an understanding of intrahousehold control over technology to avoid interpreting technology adoption as an end in and of itself.
Communities / Households / Decision making / s participation / Womenapos / Use rights / s empowerment / Womenapos / Gender / Agriculture / Technology transfer / Small scale systems / Irrigation
Record No:H049870
Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Nyarko, G.; Buerkert, A. 2018.
Virtual water flow in food trade systems of two West African cities.
Agricultural Water Management,
213: 760-772.
[DOI]
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Rapid urban growth in sub-Saharan Africa challenges food supply of cities. As food and other organic matter are transported from production areas to consumption points, water, which has been used for their production, is transported virtually. This study aimed at determining the magnitude and sources of virtual water flows in food trade of two West African cities, in order to better assess food provisioning risks and water resource use and planning. To this end, flows of unprocessed food from local, regional, national and international sources were systematically recorded at all roads leading to Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The survey was conducted within two years covering the peak (November - December) and lean season (March - April), respectively, for six days in a row. Virtual water flows were computed by multiplying the flow quantities (t yr-1) by their respective virtual water contents (m3 t-1). Results showed that virtual water of all food commodities imported to Tamale and Ouagadougou were 514 and 2105 million m3 yr-1 respectively, out of which 68% and 40% were re-exported to other regions of the country. The data also showed major seasonal variation in virtual water flows across the year. Reflecting their dominating role in local diets, cereals contributed most to the total virtual water inflows in both cities. Southern Ghana is the major net virtual water importer from Tamale through cereals, legumes, vegetables, and livestock. The Northern Region of Ghana, on the other hand, is a net exporter of virtual water in all food groups apart from fruits. In Ouagadougou, large flows of virtual water were imported in cereals, specifically rice from Asian countries, via Ivory Coast.
Diet / Cereals / Seasonal cropping / Crop production / Planning / Water balance / Water requirements / Water use / Water resources / Organic matter / Food consumption / Food production / Food supply / Food security / Water flow / Virtual water
Record No:H049029
Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.; Appoh, Richard Kofi; Akoto-Danso, E. K. 2018.
Resilience of urban food supply in West Africa.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
34:27
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Supply chain / Crop production / Wholesale marketing / Flooding / Drought / Natural disasters / Food supply / Urban areas
Record No:H048968
Acheampong, D.; Balana, Bedru B.; Nimoh, F.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2018.
Assessing the effectiveness and impact of agricultural water management interventions: the case of small reservoirs in northern Ghana.
Agricultural Water Management,
209: 163-170.
[DOI]
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Agricultural water management, particularly management of multi-purpose small reservoirs (SRs) in drier savanna areas of the northern Ghana, is being promoted as a key solution to improve agricultural production, enhance food security and livelihoods of smallholder farm households. However, little empirical evidence exist on how effective these small water infrastructures are in terms of delivering multiple benefits and their impact on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. This study assessed the effectiveness and impact of the small reservoirs on smallholder vegetable farmers in northern Ghana. A participatory rating method using a 5-point Likert-scale was used to assess the effectiveness of SRs in delivering multiple livelihood benefits and an endogenous switching regression model was applied to assess the SRs’ impact using a primary data collected from 328 randomly sampled vegetable farmers. Results from the Likert scale analysis show that most of the SRs are either dysfunctional or underutilized and not effective in delivering multiple benefits. Results from the endogenous switching regression model show that there is only about 3% increase in the income of vegetable farmers participating in irrigated vegetable production using SRs against the counterfactual situation but this change is insignificant statistically. The current low level effectiveness and impact of SRs could be enhanced by improving their management, for example, through the provision of incentive mechanisms such as subsidies to the private sector involvement in rehabilitation, management and irrigation service provision and strengthening the capacity of existing water users associations. Furthermore, small reserviors should be recognized not only as water sources for small scale irrigation but also as providers of multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and consequently should attract due attention in public resource allocation in their rehabilitation and management/institutional capacity building.
Community involvement / Farm income / Irrigated farming / Farmers / Households / Living standards / Food security / Vegetable growing / Smallholders / Reservoir operation / Water management / Agriculture
Record No:H048872
Kadyampakeni, Davie; Appoh, Richard; Barron, Jennie; Boakye-Acheampong, Enoch. 2018.
Analysis of water quality of selected irrigation water sources in northern Ghana.
Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,
18(4):1308-1317.
[DOI]
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Small-scale irrigation continues to cushion the food security gap in sub-Saharan Africa. Irrigation is largely governed by water availability, soil type and crop water requirements, among other factors. Thus, a study was conducted to assess the suitability of various water sources for irrigation in northern Ghana. Specifically, the study sought to assess quality of water sources in the Savelugu, Kasena-Nankana East, and Nabdam districts for small-scale irrigation development. The water quality parameters used were: pH, electrical conductivity (ECw), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percent (Na%), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Kelleyapos;s ratio (KR), total hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl), E. coli, and Faecal coliforms. While we found most of the irrigation water sources, including small reservoirs, dams, wells and rivers suitable, few unsuitable irrigation water sources were also identified. Overall, the study found that opportunities for scaling small-scale irrigation exist in all the sites. The knowledge generated from this study will guide irrigation water use, and agricultural policy for sustainable smallholder irrigation development in the region.
Biological contamination / pH / Rivers / Agricultural policy / Chemical compounds / Electrical conductivity / Food security / Small scale systems / Wells / Salinity / Reservoir operation / Irrigation operation / Irrigation water / Water requirements / Water availability / Water storage / Water quality
Record No:H048787
Jin, L.; Whitehead, P. G.; Addo, K. A.; Amisigo, B.; Macadam, I.; Janes, T.; Crossman, J.; Nicholls, R. J.; McCartney, Matthew; Roddai, H. J. E. 2018.
Modeling future flows of the Volta River system: impacts of climate change and socio-economic changes.
Science of the Total Environment,
637-638: 1069-1080.
[DOI]
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As the scientific consensus concerning global climate change has increased in recent decades, research on potential impacts of climate change on water resources has been given high importance. However in Sub-Saharan Africa, few studies have fully evaluated the potential implications of climate change to their water resource systems. The Volta River is one of the major rivers in Africa covering six riparian countries (mainly Ghana and Burkina Faso). It is a principal water source for approximately 24 million people in the region. The catchment is primarily agricultural providing food supplies to rural areas, demonstrating the classic water, food, energy nexus. In this study an Integrated Catchment Model (INCA) was applied to the whole Volta River system to simulate flow in the rivers and at the outlet of the artificial Lake Volta. High-resolution climate scenarios downscaled from three different Global Climate Models (CNRM-CM5, HadGEM2-ES and CanESM2), have been used to drive the INCA model and to assess changes in flow by 2050s and 2090s under the high climate forcing scenario RCP8.5. Results show that peak flows during the monsoon months could increase into the future. The duration of high flow could become longer compared to the recent condition. In addition, we considered three different socio-economic scenarios. As an example, under the combined impact from climate change from downscaling CNRM-CM5 and medium+ (high economic growth) socio-economic changes, the extreme high flows (Q5) of the Black Volta River are projected to increase 11% and 36% at 2050s and 2090s, respectively. Lake Volta outflow would increase +1% and +5% at 2050s and 2090s, respectively, under the same scenario. The effects of changing socio-economic conditions on flow are minor compared to the climate change impact. These results will provide valuable information assisting future water resource development and adaptive strategies in the Volta Basin.
Downstream / Lakes / Calibration / Temperature / Evaporation / Water resources / Models / Catchment areas / Stream flow / River basin management / Economic growth / Socioeconomic environment / Monsoon climate / Climate change
Record No:H048767
Torou, Bio Mohamadou; Debevec, Liza; Da, D. E. C. 2018.
La difficile territorialisation de la gestion de l’eau au Burkina Faso: une lecture au filtre de la theorie de la proximite. In French.
Developpement Durable et Territoires,
9(1):1-20.
[DOI]
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Our paper aims to analyze the modalities of coordination among local actors who are involved in integrated water resources management. So as to understand the dynamics of territorialization, we ground our analysis in the proximity framework to highlight that social and spatial relations around water resources are unbalanced. How this spatial inequality is taken into account may favor, or on the contrary, harm the sustainability of coordination. The approach in terms of proximity allows us to account for the complex articulation between the processes of territorial construction and the subsidiarity and participation principles presented as gage of IWRM success.
Frameworks / Conflict / Local communities / Territory / Spatial distribution / Committees / Water user associations / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management
Record No:H048719
Kararach, G.; Nhamo, G.; Mubila, M.; Nhamo, S.; Nhemachena, Charles; Babu, S. 2018.
Reflections on the Green Growth Index for developing countries: a focus of selected African countries.
Development Policy Review,
36(S1):O432-O454.
[DOI]
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This article presents a pilot and baseline African Green Growth Index (AGGI). The work is premised on the importance of Africa implementing green growth strategies. Baseline indicators allow countries to monitor progress towards green growth transition. The AGGI incorporates 48 indicators applied to 22 countries that had the requisite data. What emerges is that 18 out of the 22 African countries sampled scored 50 percentage points and above. The countries scoring below this threshold were: Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria and South Africa. The top five countries on the AGGI (as ranked from 1-5) were: Namibia, Zambia, Ghana, Tanzania and Togo. The authors recommend that for wider acceptance across the continent, the AGGI should work towards incorporating all 54 nations.
Governance / Gender / Environmental management / Resource management / Socioeconomic environment / Poverty / Economic aspects / Developing countries
Record No:H048611
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018.
Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 83p.
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This Atlas summarizes recent advances in interdisciplinary approaches and research to address the different components of West African urban food systems, including urban and peri-urban agriculture. It thereby draws on the results of several major collaborative research projects and stakeholder consultations conducted in West Africa over the past two decades, and in particular on the UrbanFoodPlus project in Ghana and Burkina Faso (www.urbanfoodplus.org). The publication targets with its innovative design a broad range of stakeholders.
Nutrition / Water resources / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation / Cultivation / Crop production / Backyard farming / Trees / Vegetation / Land use / Diets / Stakeholders / Household consumption / Food supply / Food policies / Food safety / Food composition / Food consumption / Food marketing / Forestry / Livestock production / Farming systems / Urban development / Urban agriculture / Urban areas
Record No:H048998
Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay. 2018.
Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries.
Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan 816p.
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Downstream / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Deltas / Freshwater / Private investment / Private sector / Risk management / Fish feeding / Supply chain / Financing / Wood production / Fruits / Farmers / Aquaculture / Forestry / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / Urine / Excreta / Carbon credits / Subsidies / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Cost recovery / Composting / Agroindustry / Sugar industry / Ethanol / Abattoirs / Municipal authorities / Industrial wastes / Sustainability / Local communities / Food wastes / Kitchen waste / Faecal sludge / Biogas / Briquettes / Agricultural waste management / Urban wastes / Solid fuels / Solid wastes / Organic matter / Organic fertilizers / Organic wastes / Livestock wastes / agricultural wastes / Sanitation / Economic aspects / Low income areas / Water reuse / Nutrients / Renewable energy / Energy generation / Energy management / Models / Business management / Waste management / Resource recovery
Record No:H048622
Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H. 2018.
Food flows and waste: planning for the dirty side of urban food security.
In Cabannes, Y.; Marocchino, C. (Eds.). Integrating Food into Urban Planning. London, UK: UCL Press; Rome, Italy: FAO. pp.154-170.
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Crop residues / Resource recovery / Nutrients / Economic aspects / Sustainability / Water reuse / Waste management / Wastewater treatment / Metabolism / Planning / Urban wastes / Urban areas / Virtual water / Food production / Food consumption / Food policy / Food wastes / Food supply / Food security
Record No:H049030
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018.
Conclusions.
In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.70-71.
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Urban development / Urban agriculture / Food marketing / Urban areas / Food systems
Record No:H049014
Drechsel, Pay. 2018.
Consumption.
In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.60-65.
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Fruits / Animal products / Cereals / Vegetables / Agroecological zones / Willingness to pay / Health hazards / Food safety / Malnutrition / s participation / Womenapos / Diet / Meal patterns / Household consumption / Food consumption
Record No:H049013
Drechsel, Pay; Appoh, Richard. 2018.
Urban food supply under stress.
In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.50-51.
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International trade / Agricultural products / Trade barriers / Urban areas / Food supply
Record No:H049012
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2018.
Introduction.
In Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Atlas of West African urban food systems: examples from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp.4-5.
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Food marketing / Food consumption / Urban areas / Food systems / Urban agriculture
Record No:H049011
Wutich, A.; Cardenas, J. C.; Pahl-Wostl, C.; Rauschmayer, F.; Schleyer, C.; Srinivasan, V.; Suhardiman, Diana; Tallis, H.; Zwarteveen, M. 2018.
Integrating sustainability, justice and diversity?: opportunities and challenges for inclusively framing water research.
In S. Lele, S. Brondizio, J. Byrne, G. Mace, J. Martinez-Alier (Eds.), Rethinking environmentalism: linking justice, sustainability and diversity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp.251-286.
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The twentieth century has seen a dramatic increase in human uses of and human impacts on water resources, increasing competition over water as well as depleting or deteriorating its availability. Given its importance to human life and livelihoods, water is becoming one of the major foci of environmental research. The coincidence of water scarcity with poverty in many parts of the world makes it a focal point of international development efforts. With engineering thinking dominating over past decades, water management research has embraced more integrative approaches triggered by an increasing awareness of failures that focused on narrow single issues or technical solutions to address the complex challenges of sustainable water management. This chapter explores whether, when, and how more inclusive framings might enable more socially relevant and impactful research, and lead to more effective action. Discussion begins by establishing what a frame is and then de ning what is meant by an “inclusive frame” for interdisciplinary research on environmental problems. Seven frames in water research are examined; emphasis is given to how framings are driven by differences in normative and theoretical positions, which yields very different views on progress and how best to achieve it. Next, the use of more inclusive frames in academic or research contexts is explored using two examples which incorporate multiple normative and theoretical positions. Barriers encountered by academics and researchers, as they attempt to use inclusive frames, are then examined. To explore how inclusive frames can be used to address real-world problems, three cases highlight the possibilities and challenges in applying inclusive frames to research with the goal of informing action and practice.
Case studies / Wetlands / Ecosystem services / Human rights / Lakes / River basin management / Frames / Research / Farming systems / Diversification / Sustainability / Water footprint / Water management / Water resources / Integrated management
Record No:H048931
Amoah, Philip; Muspratt, A.; Drechsel, Pay; Otoo, Miriam. 2018.
A public-private partnership linking wastewater treatment and aquaculture (Ghana) - Case Study.
In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.617-630.
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Case studies / Socioeconomic environment / Supply chain / Business enterprises / Business models / Market economies / Fish culture / Waste water treatment plants / Sanitation / Municipal wastes / Aquaculture / Wastewater treatment / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation
Record No:H048682
Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2018.
Wastewater for agriculture, forestry and aquaculture - Section iv.
In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.548-774.
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Case studies / Aquifers / Downstream / Urban areas / Deltas / Domestic water / Farmers / Freshwater / Private investment / Private sector / Health hazards / Carbon dioxide / Emission reduction / Greenhouse gases / Hydropower / Municipal wastes / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Fish feeding / Risk reduction / Semiarid zones / Arid regions / Deserts / Household wastes / Suburban areas / Environmental impact assessment / Socioeconomic environment / Waste water treatment plants / State intervention / Sanitation / Solid wastes / Household wastes / Sewage sludge / Market economies / Industrial wastewater / Composting / Water reuse / Fruit products / Wood production / Supply chain / Cost recovery / Resource recovery / Business models / Aquaculture / Forestry / Agriculture / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H048676
Otoo, Miriam; Dagerskog, L. 2018.
Urine and fecal matter collection for reuse (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) - Case Study.
In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.527-537.
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Business models / Supply chain / Market economies / Latrines / Septic tanks / Waste management / Agricultural production / Resource recovery / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Sanitation / Urine / Faeces / Faecal sludge
Record No:H048674
Otoo, Miriam. 2018.
Nutrient and organic matter recovery - Section III.
In Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (Eds.). Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.316-546.
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Sewage sludge / Phosphorus / Wastewater treatment / On-farm consumption / Soil conditioners / Septic tanks / Excreta / Urine / Toilets / Sustainability / Sugar industry / Vermicomposting / Livestock wastes / Biogas / Waste management / Risk reduction / Subsidies / Liquid fertilizers / Organic fertilizers / Inorganic fertilizers / Faecal sludge / Partnerships / Public-private cooperation / Sanitation / Health hazards / Environmental impact / Socioeconomic environment / Financing / Technology assessment / Corporate culture / Supply chain / Financing / Macroeconomics / Carbon credits / Market economics / Cost recovery / Composting / Solid wastes / Municipal wastes / Industrial wastes / Agricultural waste management / Business models / Business management / Nutrients / Resource recovery / Organic matter
Record No:H048653
Mul, Marloes; Pettinotti, L.; Amonoo, Naana Adwoa; Bekoe-Obeng, E.; Obuobie, E. 2017.
Dependence of riparian communities on ecosystem services in northern Ghana.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 43p.
(IWMI Working Paper 179)
[DOI]
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This study investigated the dependence of three riparian communities on ecosystem services in northern Ghana. Participatory mapping and ranking exercises in gender-segregated groups were used to elicit information on the communities’ livelihoods. The most important ecosystem-based activities (EBA) are farming, fishing, livestock watering and grazing, collection of wild fruits and vegetables, and provision of water for domestic use. The major EBA are dependent on the seasonal flows of the White Volta River, which are under pressure due to climatic and other anthropogenic changes. For example, observed delays in the start of the rainy season are affecting rainfed agricultural activities on the floodplains. Delayed planting on the floodplains results in damage to, or loss of, crops as floods arrive before the harvest. Moreover, the Bagr Dam in Burkina Faso, built upstream of the communities, has impacted the natural river flow. The planned Pwalugu Dam may, depending on the final operations, support or affect EBA. We, therefore, recommend that operations of the Pwalugu Dam should take into consideration the flow requirements of EBA downstream of the dam.
Agriculture / Income / Food security / Dry season / Rain / Climate change / Gender / Domestic consumption / Household consumption / Floodplains / Stream flow / River basins / Dams / Ponds / Water storage / Woodlands / Shrubs / Forest reserves / Infrastructure / Natural resources / Seasonality / Mapping / Living standards / Socioeconomic environment / Participatory rural appraisal / Communities / Riparian zones / Ecosystem services
Record No:H048466
Owusu, Seth; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Osei-Owusu, P. K.; Awotwe-Pratt, V.; Mul, Marloes L. 2017.
Adapting aquifer storage and recovery technology to the flood-prone areas of northern Ghana for dry-season irrigation.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 35p.
(IWMI Working Paper 176)
[DOI]
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The Bhungroo Irrigation Technology (BIT) is a system designed to infiltrate excess ‘standing’ floodwater to be stored underground and abstracted for irrigation during the dry season. The system was developed in India and piloted in three sites in northern Ghana. This paper documents the implementation of BIT, the operating principles and criteria for selecting appropriate sites for the installation of such systems, as well as the potential benefits complementing existing irrigation systems in Ghana. Essential requirements for the installation of BIT include biophysical features such as land-use type, soil type, surface hydrology and slope of the terrain. The hydrogeological characteristics of the subsoil are also vital, and must exhibit high storage capacity and potential for groundwater accessibility. To be profitable and generate benefits for farmers, the technology needs to be situated in close proximity to markets and must have public acceptance.
Costs / Local communities / Crop production / Seasonal cropping / Farmland / Farmers / Food security / Hydraulic conductivity / Hydrological factors / Geology / Soil types / Soil properties / Sloping land / Land use / Socioeconomic environment / Environmental impact / Filtration / Irrigation methods / Irrigation systems / Artificial recharge / Dry season / Floodplains / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater extraction / Water quality / Water drilling / Waterlogging / Water use / Water acquisitions / Water storage / Aquifers
Record No:H048222
Kadyampakeni, Davie M.; Mul, Marloes L.; Obuobie, E.; Appoh, Richard; Owusu, Afua; Ghansah, Benjamin; Boakye-Acheampong, Enoch; Barron, Jennie. 2017.
Agro-climatic and hydrological characterization of selected watersheds in northern Ghana.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 40p.
(IWMI Working Paper 173)
[DOI]
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This paper provides the climatic and biophysical context of three watersheds in northern Ghana. The objective of the study is to describe the agro-climatic and hydrological features of the watersheds from a landscape perspective. The analyses show that water surplus occurs about 3 months in a year, with only one month providing a significant surplus. Small-scale irrigation is, therefore, carried out in the dry months between November and June. The quality of water used for irrigation from wells, reservoirs and rivers is good for irrigation and domestic purposes. The soil chemical parameters across the study sites show that the soils are suitable for irrigation and crop system intensification, although it requires substantial fertilizer inputs. The paper concludes that there are opportunities from both a soil quality and water availability perspective to enhance sustainable intensification through small- and medium-scale irrigation in the selected watersheds.
Cation exchange capacity / Meteorological stations / Crop production / Cropping systems / Catchment areas / Irrigation schemes / Rivers / Wells / Reservoir storage / Dry season / Wet season / Farmers / Evapotranspiration / Temperature / Rain / Land use / Land cover mapping / Soil fertility / Soil sampling / Soil quality / Soil texture / Electrical conductivity / pH / Climatic factors / Water deficit / Water management / Water quality / Water balance / Agronomic practices / Analytical method / Hydrology / Agroclimatology / Intensification / Agricultural production / Watersheds
Record No:H048209
Tarpanelli, A.; Amarnath, Giriraj; Brocca, L.; Massari, C.; Moramarco, T. 2017.
Discharge estimation and forecasting by MODIS and altimetry data in Niger-Benue River.
Remote Sensing of Environment,
195:96-106.
[DOI]
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Flooding is one of the most devastating natural hazards in the world and its forecast is essential in flood risk reduction and disaster response decision. The lack of adequate monitoring networks, especially in developing countries prevents near real-time flood prediction that could help to reduce the loss of lives and economic damages. In the last few years, increasing availability of multi-satellite sensors induced to develop new techniques for retrieving river discharge and especially in supporting discharge nowcasting and forecasting activities. Recently, the potential of radar altimetry to estimate water levels and discharge in ungauged river sites with good accuracy has been demonstrated. However, the considerable benefit derived from this technique is attenuated by the low revisit time of the satellite (10 or 35 days, depending on the satellite mission) causing delays on the predicting operations. For this reason, sensors with a higher temporal resolution such as the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), working in visible/Infra-Red bands, can support flood forecasting. In this study, we performed the forecast of river discharge by using MODIS and we compared it with the radar altimetry and in-situ data along the Niger-Benue River in Nigeria to develop an operational flood forecasting scheme that could help in rapid emergency response and decision making processes. In the first step, four MODIS products (daily and, 8-day from the TERRA and AQUA satellites) at two gauged sites were used for discharge estimation. Secondly, the capability of remote sensing sensors to forecast discharge a few days (~4 days) in advance at a downstream section using MODIS is analyzed and also compared with the one obtained by the use of radar altimetry by ENVISAT and Jason-2. The results confirmed the capability of the MODIS data to estimate river discharge with performance indices N0.97 and 0.95 in terms of coefficient of correlation and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency. In particular, RMSE does not exceed 1300 m3 /s and the fractional RMSE ranges between 0.15 and 0.23. For the forecasting exercise, both altimetry and MODIS provide satisfactory results with positive coefficient of persistence considering 4 days of lead time (N0.34). Although altimetry was found to be more accurate in the forecasting of river discharge (RMSE ~350 m3 /s), the much higher temporal resolution of MODIS guarantees a continuity that is more suitable to address operational activities.
Downstream / Water levels / Remote sensing / Radar / Models / Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer / Satellite imagery / Estimation / Discharges / Rivers / Flooding / Weather forecasting
Record No:H048996
Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Amewu, S. 2017.
A Commercial Case for the Briquette Business in Ghana.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
32:39-41
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Urban and rural households in low income countries rely on traditional biomass fuels such as charcoal and firewood for cooking and heating purposes, which has an adverse effect on forest resources and on people’s health. A major reason for people to continue these as main sources of fuel for cooking is lack of affordable and reliable alternative sources of energy. Briquettes present a great opportunity to replace traditional biomass fuels for domestic and institutional cooking and industrial heating processes. Through designing and implementing a viable briquette business model, we emphasise that there is a commercial case for the briquette business in Ghana.
s participation / Womenapos / Environmental policy / Briquettes / Biofuels / Models / Business management
Record No:H048415
Houessionon, P.; Fonta, W. M.; Bossa, A. Y.; Sanfo, S.; Thiombiano, N.; Zahonogo, P.; Yameogo, T. B.; Balana, Bedru. 2017.
Economic valuation of ecosystem services from small-scale agricultural management interventions in Burkina Faso: a discrete choice experiment approach.
Sustainability,
9(9):1-16.
[DOI]
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The main purpose of this paper is to estimate farmers’ preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services derived from four agricultural water management (AWM) and resource recovery and reuse (RRR) intervention options in Burkina Faso, using a choice experiment (CE). These include; small water infrastructure, drip irrigation, recovery of organic matter from waste, and treated wastewater. The design decisions relating to attribute selection, the level of attributes, alternatives and choice tasks were guided by literature, field visits, focus group discussions, expert input and an iterative process of the STATA software to generate an orthogonal main-effects CE design. The data used was generated from a random sample of 300 farm households in the Dano and Ouagadougou municipalities in Burkina Faso. Results from conditional logit, latent class logit and mixt logit models show that farmers have positive and significant preferences for drip irrigation, treated wastewater, and organic matter. However, they are WTP on average more for drip irrigation and organic matter for agricultural sustainability. In line with economic theory, the cost of an intervention reduces demand for a given intervention. These findings can provide policy makers with evidence for agricultural policy design to build farmers’ resilience in the Sahel.
Welfare / Models / Estimation / Willingness to pay / Farmers attitudes / Climate change / Organic matter / Drip irrigation / Water reuse / Wastewater / Resource recovery / Water management / Small scale farming / Sustainable agriculture / Economic value / Ecosystem services
Record No:H048370
Owusu, Seth; Mul, Marloes L.; Ghansah, Benjamin; Osei-Owusu, P. K.; Awotwe-Pratt, V.; Kadyampakeni, D. 2017.
Assessing land suitability for aquifer storage and recharge in northern Ghana using remote sensing and GIS multi-criteria decision analysis technique.
Modeling Earth Systems and Environment,
3(4):1383-1393.
[DOI]
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Increasing climate variability and challenge in access to water pose major impediments to rainfed agricultural productivity. Extensive flooding of agricultural lands during the rainy season and lack of water during the 8-month long dry season affect the livelihood of the people in the northern Ghana, a situation that calls for better water management practices. The use of aquifer storage and recharge (ASR) based technique, helps to reduce flooding and improve access to water during the dry season; however such technology has specific requirements for successful implementation. This study assesses suitable areas for the technology in the northern Ghana terrain using multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in ArcGIS environment. The result suggests around 66% (48,516 km2) of the crop area in the northern Ghana available for the technology are within moderate to very high suitable sites, of which 44% (29,490 km2) fall into the high and very high suitable sites. This could imply high potential for the artificial groundwater storage system in northern Ghana given other conditions.
Farmers / Socioeconomic environment / Water management / Water storage / Agricultural sector / Agricultural productivity / Rainfed farming / Irrigation / Decision support systems / GIS / Remote sensing / Artificial recharge / Aquifers / Land suitability
Record No:H048246
Rao, Krishna C.; Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay; Hanjra, Munir A. 2017.
Resource recovery and reuse as an incentive for a more viable sanitation service chain.
Water Alternatives,
10(2):493-512.
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Recovering nutrients, water and energy from domestic waste streams, including wastewater and faecal sludge, is slowly gaining momentum in low-income countries. Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) offers value beyond environmental benefits through cost recovery. An expected game changer in sanitation service provision is a business model where benefits accrued via RRR can support upstream sanitation services despite the multitude of private and public stakeholders involved from waste collection to treatment. This paper shows options of how resource recovery and reuse can be an incentive for the sustainable sanitation service chain, by recovering costs where revenue can feed back internally or using generated revenues from reuse to fill financial gaps across the service chain to complement other supporting mechanisms for making waste management more attractive.
Organic matter / Composting / Waste disposal / Pit latrines / Excreta / Stakeholders / Public sector / Private sector / Nutrients / Wastewater treatment / Waste treatment / Cost recovery / Business management / Faecal sludge / Incentives / Public health / Sanitation / Resource recovery
Record No:H048169
Amoah, Philip; Adamtey, N.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2017.
Effect of urine, poultry manure, and dewatered faecal sludge on agronomic characteristics of cabbage in Accra, Ghana.
Resources,
6(2):1-14.
[DOI]
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The study was to assess the: (i) effect of human urine and other organic inputs on cabbage growth, yield, nutrient uptake, N-use efficiency, and soil chemical characteristics; (ii) economic returns of the use of urine and/or other organic inputs as a source of fertiliser for cabbage production. To meet these objectives, participatory field trials were conducted at Dzorwulu, Accra. Four different treatments (Urine alone, Urine + dewatered faecal sludge (DFS), Urine + poultry droppings (PD), NPK (15-15-15) + PD) were applied in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with soil alone as control. Each treatment was applied at a rate of 121 kgNha-1 corresponding to the Nitrogen requirement of cabbage in Ghana. Growth and yield parameters, plant nutrient uptake, and soil chemical characteristics were determined using standard protocols. There were no significant differences between treatments for cabbage head weight, or total and marketable yields. However, unmarketable yield from NPK + PD was 1 to 2 times higher (p lt; 0.05) than those from Urine + PD, Urine + DFS, and Urine alone. Seasonal effect on yields was also pronounced with higher (p lt; 0.001) cabbage head weight (0.95 kg) and marketable yields (12.7 kgha-1) in the dry season than the rainy season (0.42 kg and 6.27 kgha-1). There was higher (p lt; 0.005) phosphorous uptake in cabbage from Urine + PD treated soil than those from other treatments. Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) uptake in the dry season was significantly higher than the rainy season. Soils treated with Urine + DFS and Urine + PD were high in total N content. Urine + PD and Urine + DFS treated soils gave fairly high yield than PD + NPK with a net gain of US$1452.0 and US$1663.5, respectively. The application of urine in combination with poultry droppings has the potential to improve cabbage yields, nutrient uptake, and soil nitrogen and phosphorous content.
Water pollution / Environmental pollution / Farmers / Wet season / Nitrogen fertilizers / Cabbages / Urban agriculture / Nutrient uptake / Agronomic characters / Faecal sludge / Organic fertilizers / Poultry droppings / Urine / pH / Fertilizer application / Chemical analysis / Soil analysis / Soil chemicophysical properties
Record No:H048132
Mohammed, M.; Egyir, I. S.; Donkor, A. K.; Amoah, Philip; Nyarko, S.; Boateng, K. K.; Ziwu, C. 2017.
Feasibility study for biogas integration into waste treatment plants in Ghana.
Egyptian Journal of Petroleum,
26(3):695-703.
[DOI]
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Biogas (anaerobic digestion) technology is one of the most viable renewable energy technologies today. However, its economic efficiency depends on the investment costs, costs of operating the biogas plant and optimum methane production. Likewise the profit level also rests on its use directly for cooking or conversion into electricity. The present study assessed the economic potential for a 9000 m3 biogas plant, as an alternative to addressing energy and environmental challenges currently in Ghana. A cost-benefit analysis of the installation of biogas plant at University of Ghana (Legon Sewerage Treatment Plant) yielded positive net present values (NPV) at the prevailing discount rate of 23%. Further the results demonstrate that installation of the plant is capital intensive. Biogas used for cooking was by far the most viable option with a payback period (PBP) of 5 years. Sensitivity analysis also revealed cost of capital, plant and machinery as the most effective factors impacting on NPV and internal rate of return (IRR).
Electricity generation / Methane emission / Investment / Economic aspects / Cost benefit analysis / Renewable energy / Sewerage / Waste treatment / Integration / Biogas / Feasibility studies
Record No:H047916
Stein, C.; Barron, Jennie. 2017.
Mapping actors along value chains: integrating visual network research and participatory statistics into value chain analysis.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 24p.
(WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 5)
[DOI]
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This report outlines a participatory approach for mapping actors along value chains. The methodology provides novel ideas on how to combine value chain analysis with participatory statistics and visual network research approaches, to generate valuable insights about complex value chains together with local stakeholders in a cost effective way. A framework is introduced, which provides a canvas for mapping actors onto different analytical dimensions relevant in value chain analysis. After outlining some of the conceptual foundations and the methodological approach, a sequence of steps for mapping actors and their relationships is described. The experience from a case study is used to illustrate the steps involved. The case study is on fodder value chains in the Sahelian agro-ecological zone of Burkina Faso, but the mapping approach can be adapted to a range of contexts.
Case studies / Surveys / Livestock / Relationships / Agricultural trade / Agricultural production / Production structure / Markets / Communities / Cost analysis / Social aspects / Statistical data / Participatory approaches / Mapping / Supply chain / Value chain
Record No:H048396
Mul, Marloes L.; Balana, Bedru; Annor, F. O.; Boateng-Gyimah, M.; Ofosu, E. A.; Dokyi, J. 2017.
Framework for re-operating the large hydropower dams to improve local livelihoods and poverty reduction.
In Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Ampomah, B. Y.; Ofosu, E. A. (Eds.). Dams, development and downstream communities: implications for re-optimising the operations of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams in Ghana. Tema, Ghana: Digibooks Ghana Ltd. pp.303-318.
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Case studies / Ecosystem services / Investment / Social aspects / Economic aspects / River basins / Poverty / Local communities / Downstream / Living standards / Dam construction / Water availability / Water power
Record No:H048406
Balana, Bedru B.; Mul, Marloes L.; Mante, Yaw. 2017.
The economics of re-operating the Akosombo and Kpong hydropower dams.
In Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Ampomah, B. Y.; Ofosu, E. A. (Eds.). Dams, development and downstream communities: implications for re-optimising the operations of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams in Ghana. Tema, Ghana: Digibooks Ghana Ltd. pp.277-301.
Keywords
Domestic water / Infrastructure / Sediment / Aquatic weeds / Fisheries / Health hazards / Irrigated farming / Cost benefit analysis / Ecosystem services / Water power / Dam construction / Economic development
Record No:H048405
Annor, F. O.; Boateng-Gyimah, M.; Mul, Marloes; Padi, P.; Adwubi, A.; Darkwa, K.; Addo, C. 2017.
Trade-offs between hydropower production and downstream flow requirements.
In Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Ampomah, B. Y.; Ofosu, E. A. (Eds.). Dams, development and downstream communities: implications for re-optimising the operations of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams in Ghana. Tema, Ghana: Digibooks Ghana Ltd. pp.211-230.
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River baisns / Water demand / Stream flow / Models / Climate change / Ecosystems / Environmental flows / Dam construction / Water allocation / Downstream / Water power
Record No:H048404
Mul, Marloes; Ofosu, E. A.; Mante, Y.; Ghansah, Benjamin; Annor, F. O.; Boateng-Gyimah, M. 2017.
Defining restoration flow targets to restore ecological functions and livelihoods in the lower Volta Basin.
In Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Ampomah, B. Y.; Ofosu, E. A. (Eds.). Dams, development and downstream communities: implications for re-optimising the operations of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams in Ghana. Tema, Ghana: Digibooks Ghana Ltd. pp.185-209.
Keywords
Irrigation / Aquaculture / Infrastructure / Health / Sediment / Flooding / Groundwater / Aquatic weeds / Wet season / Dry season / Fisheries / Ecosystem services / River basins / Dam construction / Environmental flows / Living standards / Ecological factors
Record No:H048403
Ofosu, E. A.; Mul, Marloes; Boateng-Gyimah, M.; Annor, F.; Ampomah, B. Y. 2017.
Overview of the re-operation and re-optimisation of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams Project.
In Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Ampomah, B. Y.; Ofosu, E. A. (Eds.). Dams, development and downstream communities: implications for re-optimising the operations of the Akosombo and Kpong Dams in Ghana. Tema, Ghana: Digibooks Ghana Ltd. pp.3-25.
Keywords
Socioeconomic environment / Climate change / Weeds / Living standards / Downstream / Water allocation / Water power / Dam construction
Record No:H048402
Ayantunde, A. A.; Karambiri, M.; Yameogo, V.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2016.
Multiple uses of small reservoirs in crop-livestock agro-ecosystems of the Volta River Basin with an emphasis on livestock management.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 29p.
(IWMI Working Paper 171)
[DOI]
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This working paper was based on the study on multiple uses of small reservoirs in the Volta River Basin of Burkina Faso. The study was conducted in communities using five small reservoirs in Yatenga province. The aim of the study was to document the multiple uses of small reservoirs in the study sites with an emphasis on access to, and use by, livestock, and conflicts that arise over the use of these reservoirs. This paper consists of four main sections: introduction or background to the study, methodology, results and discussion, and conclusion, including practical recommendations.
Community involvement / Conflict / Farmers / Stakeholders / Pastures / Animal feeding / Vegetable growing / Farming systems / Groundwater recharge / Fishing / Water availability / Water use / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Catchment areas / River basins / Crop production / Cattle / Watering / Livestock management / Crop-based irrigation / Agroecosystems / Reservoirs / Small scale systems / Multiple use
Record No:H047989
Asamoah, Bernice; Nikiema, Josiane; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Odonkor, Elsie; Njenga, M. 2016.
A review on production, marketing and use of fuel briquettes.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 51p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 07)
[DOI]
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Where modern heating and cooking fuels for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use are not readily available, briquettes made from biomass residues could contribute to the sustainable supply of energy. This study reviews the briquette making process, looking at the entire value chain starting from the type and characteristics of feedstock used for briquette making to the potential market for briquettes in developing countries. It also analyzes the role that gender plays in briquette production. Depending on the raw materials used and technologies applied during production, fuel briquettes come in different qualities and dimensions, and thus require appropriate targeting of different market segments. Key drivers of success in briquette production and marketing include ensuring consistent supply of raw materials with good energy qualities, appropriate technologies, and consistency in the quality and supply of the briquettes. Creating strong partnerships with key stakeholders, such as the municipality, financiers and other actors within the briquette value chain, and enabling policy are important drivers for the success of briquette businesses.
Economic aspects / Public health / Small scale systems / Production costs / Retail marketing / Marketing / Enterprises / Supply chain / Raw materials / Carbon / Chemicophysical properties / Youth / Men / Women / Gender / Developing countries / Emission / Pollution / Residues / Agricultural sector / Environmental impact / Biomass / Communities / Feedstocks / Energy generation / Energy resources / Cooking / Households / Domestic consumption / Renewable energy / Sewage sludge / Faecal sludge / Recycling / Organic wastes / Industrial wastes / Waste management / Solid wastes / Urban wastes / Fuelwood / Briquettes / Charcoal / Fuel consumption
Record No:H047991
Rao, Krishna C.; Kvarnstrom, E.; Di Mario, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2016.
Business models for fecal sludge management.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 80p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 06)
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On-site sanitation systems, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, are the predominant feature across rural and urban areas in most developing countries. However, their management is one of the most neglected sanitation challenges. While under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the set-up of toilet systems received the most attention, business models for the sanitation service chain, including pit desludging, sludge transport, treatment and disposal or resource recovery, are only emerging. Based on the analysis of over 40 fecal sludge management (FSM) cases from Asia, Africa and Latin America, this report shows opportunities as well as bottlenecks that FSM is facing from an institutional and entrepreneurial perspective.
Case studies / Incentives / Household / Landscape / Urban areas / Farmers / Taxes / Nutrients / Septic tanks / Transport / Regulations / Licences / Partnerships / Institutions / Private enterprises / Organic fertilizers / Biogas / Energy recovery / Cost recovery / Finance / Stakeholders / Defaecation / Latrines / Sanitation / Public health / Composts / Pollution / Solid wastes / Waste water treatment plants / Waste treatment / Sewerage / Dumping / Desludging / Waste disposal / Models / Business management / Recycling / Resource recovery / Resource management / Faecal sludge
Record No:H047826
Lacombe, Guillaume; McCartney, Matthew. 2016.
Evaluating the flow regulating effects of ecosystems in the Mekong and Volta river basins.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 40p.
(IWMI Research Report 166)
[DOI]
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By altering evapotranspiration and influencing how water is routed and stored in a basin, natural and agrarian ecosystems affect river flow. To quantify the impact of ecosystems on streamflow in two large river basins in Asia and Africa, simple statistical relationships were calculated, enabling flow characteristics to be ascertained from basic catchment features. This approach allows the impact of specified land-use change on streamflow to be determined. For example, it shows that extending paddy areas in the Mekong River Basin reduces downstream low flows, while conversion of forests to crops increases the magnitude of downstream floods in the Volta River Basin. The approach could assist river basin planners to better account for flow-related ecosystem services.
Runoff / Living standards / Impact assessment / Planning / Policy making / Paddy fields / Catchment areas / Downstream control / Stream flow / River basins / Wetlands / Soils / Water resources / Forest cover / Land use / Land cover / Models / Geography / Geomorphology / Floodplains / Temperature / Rain / Flow discharge / Ecosystems
Record No:H047530
Adimassu, Zenebe; Mul, Marloes; Owusu, Afua; Barron, Jennie; Kadyampakeni, Davie; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2016.
Smallholder irrigation productivity for sustainable intensification: water balances for high value crops in northern Ghana.
Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 35p.
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Models / Soil types / Soil profiles / Yield response functions / Vegetables / Maize / Plant developmental stages / Crops / Water management / Rainfed farming / Dry spells / Dry season / Rain / Estimation / Water balance / Intensification / Sustainability / Water productivity / Irrigation systems / Smallholders
Record No:H049041
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Akoto-Dans, E. K.; Glaser, R.; Nyarko, G.; Buerkert, A. 2016.
Foodsheds and city region food systems in two West African cities.
Sustainability,
8(12):1-32.
[DOI]
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In response to changing urban food systems, short supply chains have been advocated to meet urban food needs while building more sustainable urban food systems. Despite an increasing interest in urban food supply and the flows of food from production to consumption, there is a lack of empirical studies and methodologies which systematically analyse the actual proportion and nutritional significance of local and regional food supplied to urban markets. The aim of this empirical study therefore was to compare the geographical sources supplying food to the urban population (“foodsheds”) in Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to record the supplied quantities and to assess the level of interaction between the sources and the respective city. The study was conducted over two years, covering the seasons of abundant and short supply, via traffic surveys on the access roads to the two cities, and in the Tamale markets, resulting altogether in more than 40,000 records of food flow. Results indicated that food sources were highly crop- and season-specific, ranging from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional foodsheds with diverse sources across seasons. Across the commodity-specific foodsheds, city region boundaries were established. Within the proposed city region a relatively large proportion of smallholders contributed to urban food supply, taking advantage of the proximity to urban markets. While food provided from within the city region offers certain place-based benefits, like the provision of fresh perishable crops, a larger geographical diversity of foodsheds appeared to enhance the resilience of urban food systems, such as against climate related production failures.
Organic wastes / Leaf vegetables / Vegetables / Livestock / Crops / Climate change / Urban population / Urban environment / Food production / Food habits / Food consumption / Food supply / Food chains
Record No:H047875
Amoah, Philip; Nartey, E. G.; Schrecongost, A. 2016.
Performance evaluation of biofil toilet waste digester technologies in Ghana: the efficacy of effluent treatment options.
Environmental Technology,
37(23):3002-3013.
[DOI]
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The study was carried out to assess the efficacy of a standard Biofil toilet digester with regard to its effluent quality and to evaluate the performance of new effluent polishing options being developed by BiofilCom. Infuent and effluent were collected from 18 standard Biofil digesters connected to full- flush toilets. Effluent from five pilot installations with improved effluent polishing options were also taken for analyses. Ten other Biofil installations were selected to assess the impact of digester effluent discharge on the surrounding soil. Pollutant concentrations in the Biofil effluent exceeded both Ghana EPA and WHO standards for discharge though pollutant removal efficiencies were high: 84% for biochemical oxygen demand, 86.1% for chemical oxygen demand and 82.4% for total suspended solids. Escherichia coli and total coliform levels were signi cantly reduced by 63% and 95.6%, respectively, and nutrients were the least removed from effluents. Generally, effluents from the majority of the pilot polishing options met most of the discharge standards. E. coli were present in the soil at all study sites, except one. Biofil digester effluent is discharged subsurface but comparing their effluent quality with standards for discharge into water courses is relevant especially in areas of frequent flooding and high water tables.
Pathogens / Soil sampling / Nutrients / Faecal coliforms / Escherichia coli / Sanitation / Digesters / Latrines / Excreta / Water pollution / Water table / Wastewater treatment / Waste treatment / Performance evaluation
Record No:H047835
Bellwood-Howard, I.; Amoah, Philip; Zakaria, R.; van Veenhuizen, R. 2016.
Experiences from stakeholder dialogues in Tamale, northern Ghana.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
31:33-34.
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Tamale is the capital city of Ghana’s Northern Region. As the regional capital, Tamale is growing rapidly the population has almost tripled to over 370,000 in the past 30 years, and the areal extent has increased up to sevenfold in the same period. Urban agriculture is an integral part of the food system, linked to resource management and spatial planning. In general one can say that backyard farming flourishes, but more formally organised production is threatened by urbanisation.
Planning / Wastewater irrigation / Food supply / Vegetables / Farmers / Stakeholders / Resource management / Farming systems / Urban agriculture
Record No:H047825
Abraham, E. M.; Martin, A.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2016.
Perceptions, attitudes and behaviours toward urban surface water quality in Accra, Ghana.
Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,
27(5):491-506.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore people’s perceptions, stated attitudes, and observed and reported behaviour to water and other environmental quality. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopted a mixed method approach. It employed a cross-sectional survey design. Ten communities were selected in Accra and its surrounding communities to indicate various levels of infrastructure provision and environmental quality. Four separate focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out in each community, with a mixed group of older and young adult men and women, a group of men only, a group of women only, and a group of young adults only. Following the FGDs, further information was obtained through structured household questionnaire survey involving 443 respondents. Findings: Different ideas were employed to explain people’s perceptions of water quality. There were common ideas such as on health, history of water use, perceptions which affect water use, and management of community activities which affect water sources. These ideas which emerged from the focus groups helped participants to assign meaning to their environment. Reported behaviour was influenced by the ability to pay for services, their availability and the influence of shared community norms. Although citizen participation in water and environmental management decision making was very limited, community collective action can be harnessed to enhance water and other environmental management. Originality/value: Adopted an interdisciplinary approach that enabled explanations to phenomenon to emerge from the perspectives of the society rather than views being suggested to them. Thus, resulting in evidence-based issues for intervention.
Excreta / Solid wastes / Waste management / Waste disposal / Sanitation / Health hazards / Pollution / Surface water / Environmental management / Water quality
Record No:H047793
Zeitoun, M.; Cascao, A. E.; Warner, J.; Mirumachi, N.; Matthews, Nathanial. 2016.
Transboundary water interaction III: contest and compliance.
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,
24p. (Online first)
[DOI]
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This paper serves international water con ict resolution efforts by examining the ways that states contest hegemonic transboundary water arrangements. The conceptual framework of dynamic transboundary water interaction that it presents integrates theories about change and counter-hegemony to ascertain coercive, leverage, and liberating mechanisms through which contest and transformation of an arrangement occur. While the mechanisms can be active through sociopolitical processes either of compliance or of contest of the arrangement, most transboundary water interaction is found to contain elements of both. The role of power asymmetry is interpreted through classi cation of intervention strategies that seek to either in uence or challenge the arrangements. Coexisting contest and compliance serve to explain in part the stasis on the Jordan and Ganges rivers (where the non-hegemons have in effect consented to the arrangement), as well as the changes on the Tigris and Mekong rivers, and even more rapid changes on the Amu Darya and Nile rivers (where the non-hegemons have confronted power asymmetry through in uence and challenge). The framework also stresses how transboundary water events that may appear isolated are more accurately read within the many sociopolitical processes and arrangements they are shaped by. By clarifying the typically murky dynamics of interstate relations over transboundary waters, furthermore, the framework exposes a new suite of entry points for hydro-diplomatic initiatives.
Conflict / Political aspects / Rivers / Aquifers / International agreements / International cooperation / International waters
Record No:H047787
Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Tefera, F. T.; Rientjes, T. 2016.
Flood forecasting in Niger-Benue basin using satellite and quantitative precipitation forecast data.
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,
52:475-484.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Availability of reliable, timely and accurate rainfall data is constraining the establishment of flood forecasting and early warning systems in many parts of Africa. We evaluated the potential of satellite and weather forecast data as input to a parsimonious flood forecasting model to provide information for flood early warning in the central part of Nigeria. We calibrated the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model using rainfall data from post real time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi satellite Precipitation Analysis product (TMPA). Real time TMPA satellite rainfall estimates and European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) rainfall products were tested for flood forecasting. The implication of removing the systematic errors of the satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) was explored. Performance of the rainfall-runoff model was assessed using visual inspection of simulated and observed hydrographs and a set of performance indicators. The forecast skill was assessed for 16 days lead time using categorical verification statistics such as Probability Of Detection (POD), Frequency Of Hit (FOH) and Frequency Of Miss (FOM). The model performance satisfactorily reproduced the pattern and volume of the observed stream flow hydrograph of Benue River. Overall, our results show that SREs and rainfall forecasts from weather models have great potential to serve as model inputs for real-time flood forecasting in data scarce areas. For these data to receive application in African transboundary basins, we suggest (i) removing their systematic error to further improve flood forecast skill; (ii) improving rainfall forecasts; and (iii) improving data sharing between riparian countries.
Models / Calibration / Tributaries / International waters / Early warning systems / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Flooding / Satellite observation / Precipitation / River basins / Weather data / Weather forecasting
Record No:H047675
Wegerich, K.; Soliev, I.; Akramova, Indira. 2016.
Dynamics of water reallocation and cost implications in the transboundary setting of Ferghana Province.
Central Asian Survey,
35(1):38-60.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
While in the international literature water sharing in the Syr Darya Basin per past agreements is widely portrayed as most benefiting Uzbekistan, here the dynamics of water allocation within small transboundary tributaries in Ferghana Province show Uzbekistan as benefiting least. The case study highlights that water allocation for Uzbekistan within the tributaries has decreased over the years. Uzbekistan’s approach to compensate for the reduced allocations by means of other water sources has had large long-term cost implications for irrigated agriculture as well as the irrigation bureaucracy. This article contributes to the international debate on benefit sharing in transboundary rivers. The article highlights that costs should be incorporated into the benefitsharing approach, and therefore the focus on benefit sharing alone is misguiding riparian states. Furthermore, the article raises the need to reevaluate benefits, since perceptions of potential benefits change over time.
Case studies / Upstream / Riparian zones / Benefits / Agriculture / Irrigated farming / Irrigated sites / Rivers / Tributaries / Pumps / Bureaucracy / Irrigation systems / Water rights / Water supply / Water costs / International waters / Water resources / Water allocation
Record No:H047581
Saldias, C.; Speelman, S.; van Koppen, Barbara; van Huylenbroeck, G. 2016.
Institutional arrangements for the use of treated effluent in irrigation, western Cape, South Africa.
International Journal of Water Resources Development,
32(2):203-218.
[DOI]
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Wastewater is increasingly regarded as a valuable resource, but to fully and safely exploit the potential, sound institutional arrangements governing its reuse are crucial. This article presents a case study of a self-managed irrigation scheme in Western Cape, South Africa, that uses treated effluent directly, formally and safely. By applying the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, the variables within the context, action arena and patterns of interaction that have enabled this outcome are systematically identified and evaluated. Key variables include: water scarcity; an effective policy and regulatory framework; public pollution prevention awareness; self-organization; and capital-intensive water use linked to profitable markets.
Case studies / Sustainability / Equity / Farmers / Water policy / Water scarcity / Irrigation schemes / Institutional development / Financing / Wastewater irrigation / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H047064
Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H.; Appoh, Richard Kofi; Akoto-Danso, E. 2016.
Resilience of rural-urban food flows in West Africa [Abstract only].
In Centre de cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD). International Conference on Agri-Chains and Sustainable Development: Linking Local and Global Dynamics, Montpellier, France, 12-14 December 2016. Abstracts Book. Paris, France: Centre de cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD). pp.182.
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Flooding / Drought / Resilience / Agricultural products / Merchants / Commodity markets / Food chains / Rural areas / Urban areas / Food supply
Record No:H047893
Amoah, Philip; Nartey, E. G.; Schrecongost, A. 2016.
Effect of different income housing zones on effluent quality of biofil toilet digesters in Accra, Ghana.
Paper presented at the 39th WEDC International Conference: Ensuring Availability amp; Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All, Kumasi, Ghana, 11-15 July 2016. 7p.
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Sanitation / Water pollution / Helminths / Faecal coliforms / Escherichia coli / Digesters / Latrines / Excreta / Waste treatment / Household wastes
Record No:H047833
Anarbekov, Oyture; Wichelns, D.; Akramov, I. 2016.
Assessing the financial and economic viability of water user associations and canal management organizations in Ferghana Valley countries of Central Asia [Abstract only].
Paper presented at the IAAE [International Association of Agricultural Economists] Inter-Conference Symposium on Agricultural Transitions along the Silk Road Restructuring, Resources and Trade in the Central Asia Region, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 4-6 April 2016. 3p.
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Farmers / Irrigation management / Irrigation canals / Economic value / User charges / Irrigation water / Sustainability / Financial situation / Water user associations
Record No:H047519
Kadyampakeni, Davie M.; Ellis, Tim; Sidibe, Yoro. 2016.
Evaluating seasonal soil water dynamics using a simple soil water balance model in northern Ghana.
Paper presented at the African Soil Science Society Conference, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 8-12 February 2016. 14p.
Keywords / Abstract
Soil water management is critical for sustainable crop production, particularly in drought-prone environments. A range of strategies can be used to address spatial (need to improve in-situ infiltration) and temporal (need to improve water holding capacity /storage) to increase soil water availability for crop water uptake and improved yield production and productivity. This paper presents the results from field studies of rainfall and run-off monitoring in rainfed maize-based cropping systems in northern Ghana. Rainfall was measured using rain gauges and run-off was estimated using run-off pits in selected fields plots. Long-term 20-year weather data were used in simulation experiments using a deterministic water balance model to represent smallholder rainfed maize crop system. The field studies in the three regions of northern Ghana resulted in the development of regression rainfall-runoff relationships with R2 in the range 0.75 to 0.97 for fields with/without in situ. Further, estimation of size of water conservation/storage structures could be designed based on long-term rainfall-runoff relations to increase timely crop water availability and reduce spatial losses of water through surface runoff.
Models / Smallholders / Maize / Rainfed farming / Monitoring / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Climate change / Cropping systems / Crop production / Infiltration water / Water conservation / Water requirements / Water storage / Water availability / Water balance / Water management / Soil moisture / Soil water / Agriculture
Record No:H047491
Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2016.
The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment.
Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan 281p.
(Earthscan Series on Major River Basins of the World)
Keywords
Case studies / Land cover change / Land use / Emission / Global warming / Dams / Energy generation / Legislation / Gender / Infrastructure / Meteorological stations / Riparian zones / Food composition / Farmland / Economic aspects / Population density / Intensification / Public health / Environmental flows / Ecosystem services / Industrial development / Urban development / Crops / Agricultural development / Sustainable agriculture / Food security / Living standards / Poverty / Socioeconomic environment / Drought / Flood control / Climate change / Industrial uses / Domestic consumption / Wastewater treatment / International waters / Drinking water / Groundwater / Surface water / Water policy / Water availability / Water scarcity / Water balance / Water quality / Water power / Water use / Water governance / Water resources / Economic growth / River basin management
Record No:H047720
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2016.
Watershed moments: a photographic anthology celebrating 30 years of research for a water-secure world (19852015 and beyond).
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 96p.
[DOI]
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Dams / Rural communities / Food security / Urbanization / Rain / Environmental effects / Soils / Equity / s participation / Womenapos / Gender / Floodplains / Households / Living standards / River basins / Farmers / Pumps / Sprinkler irrigation / Irrigation systems / Multiple use / Wastewater / Groundwater / Water security / Water governance / Water reuse / Water quality / Water balance / Water use / Water management / Water resources / Watersheds / Sustainable agriculture
Record No:H047829
Karugia, J.; Massawe, S.; Guthiga, P.; Ogada, M.; Nwafor, M.; Chilonda, Pius; Musaba, E. 2016.
Factors influencing the effectiveness of productivity-enhancing interventions: an assessment of selected programs.
In Benin, S. (Ed.). Agricultural productivity in Africa: trends, patterns, and determinants. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). pp.247-333.
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Case studies / Capacity building / Farmers / Gender / Policy / Political aspects / Local government / Farming systems / Investment / Financial situation / Partnerships / Group approaches / Leadership / Community involvement / Environmental sustainability / Performance indexes / Performance evaluation / Program effectiveness / Development projects / Intervention / Productivity / Agricultural production
Record No:H048032
Sood, Aditya; Seidou, O.; Forkuor, G.; Annor, F. O.; McCartney, Matthew. 2016.
Simulating current and future Volta Basin water development scenarios.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.245-273.
Keywords
Soil moisture / Calibration / Climate change / Models / Hydrology / Reservoir storage / Water allocation / Water storage / Water yield / Water resources development / River basin development
Record No:H047736
Williams, Timothy O.; Barron, Jennie; Cofie, Olufunke. 2016.
Sustainable agricultural intensification in the Volta River Basin.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.228-241.
Keywords
Fertilizers / Water conservation / Soil conservation / Private sector / Public sector / Investment / Ecosystems / Smallholders / Land degradation / Millets / Maize / Cereal products / Agroforestry / Rainfed farming / Farming systems / River basins / Intensification / Sustainable agriculture
Record No:H047735
Gordon, C.; Mensah, A.; Nikiema, Josiane; Drechsel, Pay. 2016.
Water quality and public health.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.214-227.
Keywords
Solid wastes / Sediment / Pesticides / Heavy metals / Nutrients / Socioeconomic environment / Environmental impact / River basins / Groundwater / Surface water / Water pollution / Waterborne diseases / Sanitation / Health hazards / Public health / Water quality
Record No:H047734
Mul, Marloes L.; Gao, Y. 2016.
Environmental flow requirements in the Volta Basin.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.199-213.
Keywords
Case studies / Saline water / Flow discharge / Dams / Poverty / Freshwater / Water resources / Water supply / Flooding / Riparian zones / Ecosystem services / River basins / Environmental flows
Record No:H047733
Kizito, F.; Balana, Bedru B. 2016.
Ecosystem services in the Volta Basin.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.181-198.
Keywords
Case studies / Living standards / Economic aspects / Local community / Land cover change / Land use / Forestry / Fisheries / Livestock / Agricultural production / Coastal area / Vegetation / Water resources / Natural resources / Environmental protection / Dams / Wetlands / River basins / Freshwater / Ecosystem services
Record No:H047732
Bekoe, E. O.; Andah, W.; Logah, F. Y.; Balana, Bedru B. 2016.
Water-food-energy nexus and hydropower development.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.161-178.
Keywords
International waters / Emission / Climate change / Environmental flows / Environmental impact / Social impact / Dams / Renewable energy / River basins / Industrial uses / Food security / Domestic water / Water use / Water demand / Water supply / Water resources / Water power / Energy demand / Energy generation
Record No:H047731
Van Rooijen, Daniel; Ampomah, B.; Nikiema, Josiane; Coulibaly, Y. N.; Yiougo, L. 2016.
Urban and industrial development.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.145-160.
Keywords
Tourism / Trade / Economic development / Wastewater treatment / Irrigated farming / Water reuse / Water quality / Water resources / Water productivity / Water power / Water supply / Drinking water / Water use / Domestic water / River basins / Industrial uses / Industrial development / Urban development
Record No:H047730
Ayantunde, A.; Katic, Pamela G.; Cofie, Olufunke; Abban, E. K. 2016.
Improving agriculture and food security in the Volta Basin.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.131-144.
Keywords
Investment / Small scale farming / Irrigation systems / Groundwater irrigation / Water management / Fisheries / Livestock / Farmers / Stakeholders / Farming systems / Crops / River basins / Food security / Agricultural policy / Agricultural production / Agricultural development
Record No:H047729
Sullivan, A.; Odonkor, E.; de Haan, Nicoline. 2016.
Poverty, vulnerability and livelihoods in the Volta Basin: a gendered analysis.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.95-107.
Keywords
Labour / Food security / Cropping systems / Households / Rural communities / Role of women / Gender / River basins / Living standards / Poverty
Record No:H047727
Kasei, R. A.; Amisigo, B.; Mul, Marloes L. 2016.
Managing floods and droughts.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.76-91.
Keywords
Urban development / Deforestation / Land use / Groundwater recharge / Water storage / Resilience / River basins / Risk management / Risk reduction / Rain / Drought / Flooding / Natural disasters
Record No:H047726
Mul, Marloes L.; Kasei, R. A.; McCartney, Matthew. 2016.
Surface water resources of the Volta Basin.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.31-45.
Keywords
Equity / Riparian zones / Infrastructure / Climatic zones / Dams / River basin management / Energy generation / Water power / Water use / Water allocation / Water scarcity / Water management / Water resources / Water availability / Surface water
Record No:H047723
Kolavalli, S.; Williams, Timothy O. 2016.
Socioeconomic trends and drivers of change.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.13-30.
Keywords
Smallholders / Riparian zones / Nutritional status / Food policy / Food consumption / Food security / Crops / Agricultural production / Poverty / Economic development / River basin development / Urbanization / Population growth / Socioeconomic development
Record No:H047722
Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2016.
Introduction.
In Williams, Timothy O.; Mul, Marloes L.; Biney, C. A.; Smakhtin, Vladimir (Eds.). The Volta River Basin: water for food, economic growth and environment. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.3-9.
Keywords
Economic growth / Poverty / Food security / Crops / Sustainable agriculture / Gender / Groundwater / Water resources / Water power / Energy generation / Riparian zones / River basin management
Record No:H047721
Barlund, I.; da Costa, M. P.; Modak, P.; Mensah, A. M.; Gordon, C.; Babel, M. S.; Dickens, Chris; Jomaa, S.; Ollesch, G.; Swaney, D.; Alcamo, J. 2016.
Water pollution in river basins.
In United Nations Environment Programme. A snapshot of the world’s water quality: towards a global assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. pp.49-80.
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Case studies / Nutrients / Catchment areas / Sediment / Community involvement / Wastewater treatment / Contamination / Faecal coliforms / Sewage / Watersheds / Drinking water / River basins / Surface water / Water resources / Water governance / Water quality / Water pollution
Record No:H047585
Mul, Marloes; Obuobie, E.; Appoh, Richard; Kankam-Yeboah, K.; Bekoe-Obeng, E.; Amisigo, B.; Logah, F. Y.; Ghansah, Benjamin; McCartney, Matthew. 2015.
Evaluation des ressources en eau du bassin de la Volta. In French.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 84p. (Also in English)
(IWMI Working Paper 166/Document de travail IWMI 166)
[DOI]
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Le projet WISE UP to climate vise a demontrer lapos;utilite des infrastructures naturelles comme une solution basee sur la nature pour lapos;adaptation au changement climatique et le developpement durable. Dans le bassin de la Volta, les infrastructures naturelles, comme les construites, offrent des benefices pour la subsistance des personnes. Comprendre les interrelations entre ces deux types dapos;infrastructures est une condition indispensable a une gestion et un developpement durables des ressources en eau. Cela est particulierement vrai dans un contexte ou les pressions sur les ressources en eau sapos;intensifient, et ou les impacts du changement climatique augmentent. Ce rapport donne un apercu des caracteristiques biophysiques, des services ecosystemiques, et de leur relation avec les moyens de subsistance dans le bassin.
Economic aspects / Institutions / Riparian zones / Energy generation / Hydrology / Land use / Sedimentation / Soils / Geology / Industry / Fishing / Livestock / Strategies / Policy making / Dams / Lakes / Wetlands / Infrastructure / Natural resources / Ecosystem services / Water availability / Water power / Water demand / Water use / Water quality / Water governance / Water management / International waters / River basins / Environmental impact assessment / Water resources
Record No:H047580
Mul, Marloes; Obuobie, E.; Appoh, Richard; Kankam-Yeboah, K.; Bekoe-Obeng, E.; Amisigo, B.; Logah, F. Y.; Ghansah, Benjamin; McCartney, Matthew. 2015.
Water resources assessment of the Volta River Basin.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 78p.
(IWMI Working Paper 166)
[DOI]
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The ‘WISE-UP to climate’ project aims to demonstrate the value of natural infrastructure as a ‘nature-based solution’ for climate change adaptation and sustainable development. Within the Volta River Basin, both natural and built infrastructure provide livelihood benefits for people. Understanding the interrelationships between the two types of infrastructure is a prerequisite for sustainable water resources development and management. This is particularly true as pressures on water resources intensify and the impacts of climate change increase. This report provides an overview of the biophysical characteristics, ecosystem services and links to livelihoods within the basin.
Economic aspects / Institutions / Riparian zones / Energy generation / Hydrology / Land use / Sedimentation / Soils / Geology / Industry / Fishing / Livestock / Strategies / Policy making / Dams / Lakes / Wetlands / Infrastructure / Natural resources / Ecosystem services / Water availability / Water power / Water demand / Water use / Water quality / Water governance / Water management / International waters / River basins / Environmental impact assessment / Water resources
Record No:H047413
Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay. 2015.
Consumer perceptions of fruit and vegetable quality: certification and other options for safeguarding public health in West Africa.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 32p.
(IWMI Working Paper 164)
[DOI]
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With increasing change of traditional diets, and the emergence of new supply and marketing chains, urban food consumers in low-income countries are faced with multiple food safety challenges, among which microbial contamination and pesticides are key concerns for fruits and vegetables sold on urban markets in West Africa. Although consumers have a genuine interest in healthy food, and are willing to pay premiums, their interpretation of food quality and risks deviates from scientific health risk assessments and does not translate into recommended risk mitigation behavior. To safeguard public health, alternative measures are needed to support consumers’ risk awareness and decision making. The review looked at common and less-common options to trigger and support behavioral change, including safety labeling (certification), corporate social responsibility models, incentive systems and social marketing of safe practices, to address potential food safety risks from farming in urban and peri-urban areas. Overall, it appears that regulatory measures for risk management, including certifications, will be for now less effective in the West African setup due to low educational levels in view of chemical and microbial risk, diverse and often informal food chains, poor safety supporting infrastructure and weak institutional capacities for compliance monitoring.
Marketing techniques / Peri-urban areas / Urban areas / Legislation / Contamination / Pesticides / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H047217
Bellwood-Howard, I.; Haring, V.; Karg, Hanna; Roessler, R.; Schlesinger, J.; Shakya, M. 2015.
Characteristics of urban and peri-urban agriculture in West Africa: results of an exploratory survey conducted in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 38p.
(IWMI Working Paper 163)
[DOI]
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The report summarizes key results from surveys carried out on urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in Tamale (Ghana) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) in 2013. The aim was to provide a broad overview of the state of UPA in the study cities and a basis for future research endeavors. The randomized sampling approach used aerial photography to identify 10 sites in different categories of farm in each city. Farmers provided information on their cropping and livestock-rearing activities. There were similarities between the cities, but the differences in the expression of UPA in Tamale and Ouagadougou were more intriguing, as in farm sizes, crops grown and livestock ownership. Farmers were particularly concerned about diminishing access to land in Tamale, where sales by chiefs to private investors were accelerating. In Ouagadougou, formal reallocation of land to homeowners by the state had similarly decreased available farmland. Water availability was a universal concern, and the quality of water used for irrigation was potentially more questionable in Ouagadougou than in Tamale. The results point to the need for further work on uncontaminated, perennial water sources and soil fertility management, alongside focuses on commercialization of animal production, and the legal, political and institutional context of UPA in different West African cities.
Surveys / Villages / Organic fertilizers / Inorganic fertilizers / Leaf vegetables / Market prices / Irrigation / Wastewater / Water availability / Landownership / Livestock / Households / Soil fertility / Soil sampling / Cultivation / Seasonal cropping / Farmers / Farming systems / Peri-urban agriculture / Urban agriculture
Record No:H047216
Mul, Marloes L.; Williams, Timothy O.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2015.
Paysage scientifique, politique et financier de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat (AIC) en Afrique de l’Ouest : le secteur des ressources en eau. In French.
In Zougmore, R.; Sy Traore, A.; Mbodj, Y. (Eds.). Paysage scientifique, politique et financier de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat en Afrique de l’Ouest. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). pp.47-59. (Also in English)
(CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper 118)
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Corporate culture / Environmental sustainability / Investment / Farmers / Smallholders / Rain / Financing / Political aspects / Groundwater recharge / Water storage / Water resources / Landscape / Agriculture / Adaptation / Climate change
Record No:H047078
Mul, Marloes L.; Williams, Timothy O.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2015.
Overview of the scientific, political and financial landscapes of Climate-Smart Agriculture in West Africa: sector of water resources.
In Zougmore, R.; Sy Traore, A.; Mbodj, Y. (Eds.). Overview of the scientific, political and financial landscape of climate-smart agriculture in West Africa. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). pp.47-59. (Also in French)
(CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper 118)
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Corporate culture / Environmental sustainability / Investment / Farmers / Smallholders / Rain / Financing / Political aspects / Groundwater recharge / Water storage / Water resources / Landscape / Agriculture / Adaptation / Climate change
Record No:H047077
Amarnath, Giriraj; Pandey, Rajesh; Alahacoon, Niranga. 2015.
Earth observation technologies for flood-risk mapping and forecast rating curve for flood recession agriculture in Nigeria. Training manual prepared for Capacity building workshop on Earth Observation Technologies for Flood-risk mapping and Forecast rating curve for Flood recession Agriculture in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, 5-7 May 2015.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 84p.
Keywords
Case studies / Training materials / Capacity building / Flow discharge / Water levels / Remote sensing / Computer applications / Models / Hydrology / Weather forecasting / Risk management / Mapping / Flood control / Radar satellite / Satellite surveys / Satellite imagery / Earth observation satellites
Record No:H047076
Cofie, Olufunke; Amede, T. 2015.
Managing rainwater and small reservoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Water Resources and Rural Development,
6:1-104. (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords
Case studies / Livestock / Living standards / Smallholders / Institutional constraints / Performance evaluation / Small scale systems / Irrigation schemes / Reservoirs / Tillage / Productivity / Crop yield / Maize / Intensification / Agricultural production / Sustainable agriculture / Water conservation / Water harvesting / Rain water management
Record No:H047520
Douxchamps, Sabine; Ayantunde, A.; Panyan, E. K.; Ouattara, K.; Kabore, A.; Karbo, N.; Sawadogo, B. 2015.
Agricultural water management and livelihoods in the crop - livestock systems of the Volta Basin.
Water Resources and Rural Development,
6:92-104. (Special issue: Managing Rainwater and Small Reservoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
With mixed crop-livestock systems projected to be the principal source of food in developing countries in the coming decades, opportunities exist for smallholders to participate and benefit from emerging crop and livestock markets in the Volta Basin. Given the economic, social and environmental vulnerability due to high water scarcity and variability in the basin, improvements in agricultural water management (AWM) are needed to ensure sustainable benefits. A survey was conducted among 326 crop-livestock households in four water scarce sites of the basin in Burkina Faso and Ghana to characterize households in terms of access to water, services and information, AWM intensity and livelihoods, and to explore the linkages between these characteristics. The sources of water were more diverse for study sites in Ghana than in Burkina, allowing different types of AWM strategies. Most of the farmers perceived a strong positive impact of AWM strategies on their livelihoods. Almost 70% of the variation in livelihood assets was explained by variation in AWM intensity, affecting mainly food consumption, sources of income and housing index. With increasing access to water, services and information, AWM intensity significantly increased, as well as labour for water-related activities and food consumption. This increase in AWM was significantly related to an increase in livelihood assets (R2 = 52%). Policies should be developed to improve access to information and services as well as access to market in rural areas of the Volta Basin, to enhance positive impact of AWM strategies on livelihoods of the rural households.
Strategies / Access to information / Food consumption / Income / Labour / Households / Indicators / Living standards / Reservoirs / Water availability / Livestock / Crop production / Water management / Agriculture
Record No:H047522
de Bruin, A.; Pateman, R.; Barron, Jennie; Balima, M.; Ouedraogo, I.; Dapola, E. D.; Fosu, M.; Annor, F. O.; Magombeyi, M.; Onema, J.-M. K. 2015.
Setting up agricultural water management interventions - learning from successful case studies in the Volta and Limpopo river basins.
Water Resources and Rural Development,
6:12-23. (Special issue: Managing Rainwater and Small Reservoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Long-term investments in agricultural water management (AWM) interventions in the Volta and Limpopo river basins have aimed at improving water availability and quality for smallholder farming systems. However, sustained and wider uptake of AWM technologies and approaches has not been as successful. We need to learn from successful AWM interventions, those interventions that have led to a sustained or increased uptake of AWM technologies or approaches, and which have led to improved well-being of farmers and livestock keepers in the rural development context of sub-Sahara Africa. This paper explores AWM interventions, specifically, the impacts these interventions have had and the factors contributing to the success of these interventions. In four countries within the Volta and Limpopo river basins, consultations were carried in 33 case studies of successful AWM interventions with implementing organisations and beneficiaries using a participatory GIS methodology. A systematic text analysis of 55 case study reports showed that these 33 interventions have had a positive impact on the well-being of beneficiaries and there was a sustained and wider uptake of the AWM technologies or approaches introduced. A clear demand for the technology, appropriate design of the technology, input support, training and capacity building, and a sense of ownership of the community helped to sustain the uptake of AWM technologies and approaches. We conclude that implementing organisations would benefit from investing in the soft components of an AWM intervention, as this will increase the likelihood of successful adoption and adaptation of the AWM technologies and approaches in the long-term.
Case studies / River basins / Farmers / State intervention / Nongovernmental organizations / Investment / Sustainability / Technology / Water management / Agriculture
Record No:H047521
Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. 2015.
Agriculture in the rural-urban continuum: a CGIAR research perspective.
Agriculture for Development,
26:14-19.
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Thirsty and hungry cities are posing significant challenges for the urban-rural interface ranging from food security to inter-sectoral water allocation. Not only is the supply of resources to urban centres a growing challenge in low-income countries, but even more is the urban return flow, as investments in waste management and sanitation, ie the ‘ultimate food waste’, are not able to keep pace with population growth. And where polluted water is used in irrigation to feed the cities, food safety is becoming a crucial component of food security. Most affected by resource competition and pollution are the urban and peri-urban farming systems which are often driven by the informal sector. Urban waste is not only a challenge but also offers opportunities. It is in this interface between agriculture and sanitation where the CGIAR operates through its research programme on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), addressing both the challenges and opportunities of urbanisation: by exploring novel perspectives and solutions to respond to changing population dynamics, resource demands, centralised water and nutrient flows, and ecosystem services under pressure.
Environmental health / Vegetables / Ecosystem services / Sanitation / Water pollution / Urban wastes / Irrigated farming / Food supply / Food security / Research institutions / CGIAR / Urban areas / Peri urban areas / Rural areas / Periurban agriculture / Urban agriculture
Record No:H047347
Soliev, Ilkhom; Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek. 2015.
The costs of benefit sharing: historical and institutional analysis of shared water development in the Ferghana Valley, the Syr Darya Basin.
Water,
7(6):2728-2752.
[DOI]
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Ongoing discussions on water-energy-food nexus generally lack a historical perspective and more rigorous institutional analysis. Scrutinizing a relatively mature benefit sharing approach in the context of transboundary water management, the study shows how such analysis can be implemented to facilitate understanding in an environment of high institutional and resource complexity. Similar to system perspective within nexus, benefit sharing is viewed as a positive sum approach capable of facilitating cooperation among riparian parties by shifting the focus from the quantities of water to benefits derivable from its use and allocation. While shared benefits from use and allocation are logical corollary of the most fundamental principles of international water law, there are still many controversies as to the conditions under which benefit sharing could serve best as an approach. Recently, the approach has been receiving wider attention in the literature and is increasingly applied in various basins to enhance negotiations. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the costs associated with benefit sharing, particularly in the long run. The study provides a number of concerns that have been likely overlooked in the literature and examines the approach in the case of the Ferghana Valley shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan utilizing data for the period from 1917 to 2013. Institutional analysis traces back the origins of property rights of the transboundary infrastructure, shows cooperative activities and fierce negotiations on various governance levels. The research discusses implications of the findings for the nexus debate and unveils at least four types of costs associated with benefit sharing: (1) Costs related to equity of sharing (horizontal and vertical); (2) Costs to the environment; (3) Transaction costs and risks of losing water control; and (4) Costs as a result of likely misuse of issue linkages.
Case studies / Environmental effects / Equity / River basins / Water supply / Water governance / Water resources development / Corporate culture / History / Benefit-cost ratio / Cost benefit analysis / Cooperation / International waters
Record No:H047080
Pandey, Rajesh; Amarnath, Giriraj. 2015.
The potential of satellite radar altimetry in flood forecasting: concept and implementation for the Niger-Benue River Basin.
Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences,
370:223-227.
[DOI]
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Flood forecasting in the downstream part of any hydrological basin is extremely difficult due to the lack of basin-wide hydrological information in near real-time and the absence of a data-sharing treaty among the transboundary nations. The accuracy of forecasts emerging from a hydrological model could be compromised without prior knowledge of the day-to-day flow regulation at different locations upstream of the Niger and Benue rivers. Only satellite altimeter monitoring allows us to identify the actual river levels upstream that reflect the human intervention at that location. This is critical for making accurate downstream forecasts. This present study aims to demonstrate the capability of altimeter-based flood forecasting along the Niger-Benue River in Nigeria. The study includes the comparison of decadal (at every 10 days from Jason-2) or monthly (at every 35 days from Envisat/AltiKa) observations from 2002 to 2014, with historical in situ measurements from 1990 to 2012. The water level obtained from these sources shows a good correlation (0.70.9). After validation of hydrological parameters obtained from two sources, a quantitative relation (rating curve) of upstream water level and downstream discharge is derived. This relation is then adopted for calculation of discharge at observation points, which is used to propagate the flow downstream at a desired location using a hydraulic river model. Results from this study from Jason-2 shows a promising correlation (R2 90% with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of more than 0.70) with 5 days ahead of downstream flow prediction over the Benue stream.
Case studies / Flow discharge / Water levels / Models / Hydrology / River basins / Floods / Weather forecasting / Radar / Satellite observation
Record No:H047061
Karg, H.; Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Drechsel, Pay. 2015.
Examining food sources in the city of Tamale, Ghana.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
29:38-40.
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This empirical study examines food sources and their quantitative contribution to the city of Tamale, Ghana. The results contribute to an understanding of the urban food system, and evoke questions relating to the standardised measurement and evaluation of urban food system resilience across geographical contexts.
Fruits / Vegetables / Crops / Markets / Food consumption / Food supply
Record No:H047030
Schmitter, Petra; Zwart, S. J.; Danvi, A.; Gbaguidi, F. 2015.
Contributions of lateral flow and groundwater to the spatio-temporal variation of irrigated rice yields and water productivity in a West-African inland valley.
Agricultural Water Management,
152:286-298.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Water management techniques to elevate rice yields and productive use of water resources in Africa, frequently lack a substantial spatial assessment as they are often based on plot level measurements without taking into account toposequential effects present in the landscape. These effects have been shown to significantly affect spatio-temporal variations in water availability and rice productivity in Asia. Therefore, this study addresses the spatio-temporal variations of the various water components within irrigated toposequences in an African inland valley and assesses its effect on water productivity and respective rice yields for two irrigation practices: (i) continuous flooding (CF), a well-known water management practice in rice cultivation used worldwide and (ii) a reduced irrigation scheme (RI) where irrigation is applied every 5 days resulting in a 12 cm water layer after irrigation. The lateral flow observed in the inland valley had a strong two-dimensional character, contributing to water gains between fields, located at the same toposequential level as well as along toposequences. The toposequential effect on sub-surface hydrological processes masked the overall effect of water management treatment on rice production. Additionally, the associated water productivity (WP) was not found to differ significantly between the treatments when standard calculations (i.e. net irrigation and evapotranspiration) were used but a clear toposequential effect was found for the fertilized lower lying fields when the net irrigation was corrected by the lateral flow component. Results of the established mixed regression model indicated that based on the groundwater table, rainfall and standard soil physico-chemical characteristics rice yields can be predicted in these African inland valleys under continuous flooding and reduced irrigation practices. Validation of the established regression function of inland valleys, representing various groundwater tables in the region, could lead to improved regression functions suitable to estimate spatial variation in rice production and water consumption across scales as affected by water management, fertilizer application and groundwater tables.
Soil organic matter / Fertilizer application / Crop performance / Valleys / Inland waters / Water balance / Water management / Water resources / Water productivity / Rice / Irrigation / Spatial distribution / Flow discharge / Water table / Groundwater
Record No:H046882
Wegerich, Kai. 2015.
Shifting to hydrological/hydrographic boundaries: a comparative assessment of national policy implementation in the Zerafshan and Ferghana Valleys.
International Journal of Water Resources Development,
31(1):88-105.
[DOI]
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In the literature on the implementation of national policies there is an assumption that these get implemented uniformly within one country. Here, with a focus on the implementation of national policy on shifting from administrative to hydrological/ hydrographic principles of water management in the Zerafshan Valley and the Ferghana Valley in Uzbekistan, this assumption is questioned. The case study demonstrates that national policies are resisted by lower-level bureaucrats, leading to diverse, even contradictory, outcomes of the same policy. The vested interests of a multiplicity of bureaucracies, the power of individual bureaucrats, and the discretional power given to bureaucracies in interpreting national policy are responsible for the different outcomes. The article calls for more comparative assessments across different regions for a better understanding of policy implementation.
Case studies / Policy making / Administrative structures / Bureaucracy / Political aspects / Irrigation systems / River basins / Water management / Hydrology
Record No:H046444
Global Water Partnership (GWP); International Land Coalition (ILC); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2015.
Proceedings of the Joint GWP-ILC-IWMI Workshop on Responding to the Global Food Security Challenge Through Coordinated Land and Water Governance, Pretoria, South Africa, 15-16 June 2015.
: Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP); Rome, Italy: International Land Coalition (ILC); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 20p.
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Empowerment / Bioenergy / Resource management / Living standards / Ecosystem services / Agricultural production / Women / Gender / Foreign investment / Farmland / Farmers / Farming systems / Watersheds / International waters / Water rights / Water management / Water resources / Groundwater / Water governance / Irrigated land / Land management / Land acquisitions / Land use / Land reform / Land tenure / Food security
Record No:H047289
Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Amewu, Sena; Amoah, Philip. 2015.
Consumer preference and willingness to pay for fish farmed in treated wastewater in Ghana.
Paper presented at the AAEA and WAEA [Agricultural and Applied Economics Association and Western Agricultural Economics Association] Joint Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, 26-28 July 2015. 22p.
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The reuse of treated wastewater for aquaculture has been practiced in several countries and has a potential to create a viable fish farming business in low income countries. However, wastewater aquaculture practices which satisfy health and hygiene guidelines and standards will not be viable if consumers are unwilling to purchase fish reared in treated wastewater. In this study we investigate consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for fish farmed in treated wastewater in Ghana. A consumer survey was conducted in Kumasi. We utilize a dichotomous-choice contingent valuation methodology to estimate willingness to pay for fresh Tilapia and smoked Catfish farmed in treated wastewater and analyze factors that affect consumer choice. Consumers in the survey ranked price, size and quality of fish measured by taste and freshness as the most important product attributes influencing their decision prior to purchasing fish. Source of fish is among the least important product attributes influencing consumers’ decision. Results indicate that surveyed consumers generally accept fish reared in treated wastewater if lower prices are offered. Socioeconomic factors such as household income, education and family size significantly determine consumers’ willingness to pay. Furthermore, results indicate that households with children are more likely to pay for smoked Catfish compared to fresh Tilapia indicating that postharvest processing of fish might be perceived as safer and thus increases consumers’ willingness to pay for smoked Catfish. The results of this study provide better understanding of fish consumers’ buying behavior and their perceptions of and attitude towards fish reared in treated wastewater. Moreover, results can contribute to identifying key product attributes that need to be targeted for improvement if sales of fish farmed in treated wastewater is to be achieved.
Tilapia / Freshwater catfish / Feeding habits / Public health / Food consumption / Households / Socioeconomic environment / Models / User charges / Consumer behavior / Aquaculture / Water reuse / Wastewater
Record No:H047418
Balana, Bedru Babulo. 2015.
Trade-offs or synergies?: assessment of ecosystem services in multi-use small reservoirs in Burkina Faso [Abstract only].
In Nyssen J., Enyew A., Poesen J et al. (Eds.). International Conference on Tropical Lakes in a Changing Environment: Water, Land, Biology, Climate and Humans (TropiLakes), Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 23-29 September 2015. Book of Abstracts. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: Bahir Dar University. pp.42-43.
Keywords / Abstract
Small reservoirs (SRs) development, as a strategy to enhance food and water security in water-scarce regions, has long attracted the interests of governments and development agents. The main argument put forward was that by providing water for small-scale agriculture, they can cushion the impacts of drought and rainfall variability on vulnerable and less-developed regions. Because of the dominance of interests in small-scale irrigation, performance assessments of SRs have concentrated on irrigation outcomes. The multiple non-irrigation uses/benefits and potential negative externalities were largely neglected in the measurement of their performance. The publication of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005 triggered the concept of ‘ecosystem services’ and prompted both academia and policy decisions to consider multiple effects/impacts of human activities on natural capital, ecosystem services, and human wellbeing. Along the lines of the surge in thoughts in ‘ecosystem services’, SRs, besides irrigation use, could generate multiple benefits such as improved access to domestic water, enhance women’s position, recreation, livelihood diversification, fisheries, water availability for livestock, limiting floods, and increased biodiversity. On the other hand, SRs may have unwanted side-effects such as environmental deterioration, decrease in water quality, adverse health impacts (e.g., harbour mosquitos), and reduce environmental flows and ground water recharge. Thus, SRs’ performance need to be assessed against these multiple benefits/dis-benefits and whether there exist trade-offs or synergetic relationship. In the context of ecosystem services (ES), trade-offs between ES arise from management and/or utilization choices made by humans, which can change the type, magnitude, quality and relative mix of ES. Trade-offs occur when the provision of one or more ES is reduced as a consequence of increased use of another ES. In some cases, trade-offs may be an explicit choice; in others, it may take place without explicit account or even without awareness of the decision makers. As human activities transform ecosystems to obtain more of specific services, other services tend to diminish (trade-offs). Understanding how trade-offs operate temporally and spatially in various ecosystems and analysis of either to minimize the trade-offs or find synergetic solutions could provide decision support evidence for sustainable management of natural resources and human wellbeing. Most parts of Burkina Faso (BF) suffer from physical water scarcity and irregular distribution of groundwater. SR development has been promoted as a key strategy aiming at enhancing water and food security in BF. A conservative estimate shows that there are about 1500 SRs in BF. These are used for small-scale irrigations, livestock, and domestic purposes. From 2002 BF has initiated a program to develop village irrigation, which facilitates the exploitation of all the irrigable areas around the SR
Water quality / Domestic water / Small scale farming / Food security / Water security / Health hazards / Assessment / Reservoirs / Multiple use / Ecosystem services
Record No:H047415
Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Sidibe, Yoro. 2015.
Can current land and water governance systems promote sustainable and equitable large-scale agricultural investments in sub-Saharan Africa?
In Global Water Partnership (GWP); International Land Coalition (ILC); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Proceedings of the Joint GWP-ILC-IWMI Workshop on Responding to the Global Food Security Challenge Through Coordinated Land and Water Governance, Pretoria, South Africa, 15-16 June 2015. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP); Rome, Italy: International Land Coalition (ILC); Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 9p.
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Ever since the oil, financial and food crises of 2008, sub-Saharan Africa has witnessed a marked increase in large-scale investment in agricultural land. The drivers of this investment are varied and include growing food, water and energy insecurity as well as social and economic interests of investors and recipient countries. The shape of these investments and their eventual outcomes are equally influenced by the existing land and water governance systems in the host countries. Based on fieldlevel research conducted in Ghana and Mali which covered six large-scale agricultural investments, this paper analyzes the current land and water governance systems in these two countries through the lens of land and water acquisition and initial outcomes. It highlights missed opportunities for sustainable and equitable large-scale agricultural land investments due to uncoordinated governance systems and failure to rigorously apply detailed rules and regulations that are already in place. It offers suggestions for revamping land and water governance to promote large-scale investments that will lead to equitable distribution of benefits and sustainable management of natural resources.
Living standards / Food security / Natural resources / Property rights / Sustainability / Equity / Institutions / Farmland / Agriculture / Land rights / Land investments / Land acquisitions / Land tenure / Water rights / Water governance
Record No:H047292
Buerkert, A.; Marschner, B.; Steiner, C.; Schlecht, E.; Wichern, M.; Schareika, N.; Lowenstein, W.; Drescher, A. W.; Glaser, R.; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G.; Gnankambary, Z.; Drechsel, Pay; Jean-Pascal Lompo, D. 2015.
UrbanFoodplus African-German Partnership to enhance resource use efficiency in urban and peri-urban agriculture for improved food security inWest African cities [Abstract only].
In Tielkes, E. (Ed.). Management of land use systems for enhanced food security: conflicts, controversies and resolutions. Book of abstracts. International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015. Witzenhausen, Germany: German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics. pp.350-351.
Keywords / Abstract
Food security in West Africa not only depends on productivity increases in marginal rural areas, but also on enhanced use of intensively farmed agricultural “niche” lands such as the urban and peri-urban spaces. They are characterised by easy market access and input availability which allows self-reinforcing processes of agricultural intensification. However, too little is known about resource use efficiencies, matter flows and negative externalities in these systems. Starting from general assessments (status quo analyses), the African-German UrbanFoodPlus (UFP) network develops and tests site-specific, farmer-tailored innovations. These directly address the above mentioned knowledge gaps in the fourWest African cities of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), Tamale (Ghana), Bamako (Mali), and Bamenda (Cameroon). At all locations farmers attempt to cope with increasing land pressure by cultivating along electrical power lines, on public property, and on undeveloped private land.
Inorganic fertilizers / Organic fertilizers / Soil fertility / Farmers / Resource evaluation / Partnerships / International cooperation / Nutrients / Food security / Irrigation / Periurban agriculture / Urban agriculture
Record No:H047212
Akoto-Danso, E. K.; Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Buerkert, A. 2015.
Nutrient and virtual water flow analysis for Tamale, Ghana and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso [Abstract only].
In Tielkes, E. (Ed.). Management of land use systems for enhanced food security: conflicts, controversies and resolutions. Book of abstracts. International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development, Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015. Witzenhausen, Germany: German Institute for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics. pp.158.
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Nutrients and virtual water in the form of food and other organic goods are transported from the rural hinterland to urban centres. In particular in developing countries, poor waste management in growing cities and the potential to recover nutrients and water for agricultural production have raised interest in quantifying these flows. What are the quantities of organic materials that enter and leave a city? Which materials carry the most important nutrient and virtual water flows? Where does nutrient and water depletion take place? This study has been conducted within the UrbanFoodPlus project (www.urbanfood plus.org) to assess organic material flows and their quantitative nutrient and virtual water contribution for the cities of Tamale in Ghana and Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Matter flows (unprocessed foodstuff, firewood, fodder, non-timber forest products, etc.) from regional, national and international sources were systematically recorded at all roads leading to Tamale and Ouagadougo. Organic matter from urban sources aand stocks were captured at major markets. The survey has been conducted within two years covering the peak (November) and lean season (April) for six days in a row. The study maps the virtual water and nutrient transfers of different types of traded food products and other organic goods. The results will improve our understanding of the urban metabolism, and may support the development of standardised methodologies for assessing virtual water and nutrient flows.
Urban areas / Foods / Organic matter / Nutrients / Flow discharge / Virtual water
Record No:H047203
Dittoh, S.; Snyder, K. A.; Lefore, Nicole. 2015.
Gender policies and implementation in agriculture, natural resources and poverty reduction: case study of Ghana’s Upper East Region.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 22p.
(WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series 3)
[DOI]
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Case studies / Resource allocation / Households / Local communities / Civil society organizations / Socioeconomic environment / Funding / Poverty / Natural resources / Agricultural production / Agricultural workers / Policy making / Agricultural policy / Equity / Women / Gender
Record No:H047003
Keraita, B.; Mateo-Sagasta Davila, Javier; Drechsel, Pay; Winkler, M.; Medlicott, K. 2015.
Risk mitigation for wastewater irrigation systems in low-income countries: opportunities and limitations of the WHO guidelines.
In Memon, F. A.; Ward, S. (Eds.). Alternative water supply systems. London, UK: IWA Publishing. pp.367-389.
Keywords
Marketing / Filtration / Sedimentation / Faecal coliforms / Water quality / Health hazards / Public health / Guidelines / WHO / Income / Developing countries / Risk management / Sprinkler irrigation / Drip irrigation / Wastewater irrigation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H046780
Keraita, B.; Drechsel, Pay; Klutse, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014.
On-farm treatment options for wastewater, greywater and fecal sludge with special reference to West Africa.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 36p.
(Resource Recovery and Reuse Series 01)
[DOI]
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Moringa / Helminths / Sedimentation / Farmers / Health hazards / Wetlands / Wells / Ponds / Weirs / Filtration / Reservoirs / Contamination / Sewage sludge / Faecal coliforms / Irrigation water / Water storage / Water quality / Wastewater treatment / On-farm research
Record No:H046382
Mul, Marloes L.; McCartney, Matthew P.; Baker, Tracy. 2014.
Concept note on instrumented catchments in the Tana and Volta river basin. Project report submitted to IUCN under the project 'Water Infrastructure Solutions from Ecosystem Services Underpinning Climate Resilient Policies and Programmes (WISE-UP to Climate)'.
Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 4p.
Keywords
Ecosystems / Climate change / River basins / Catchment areas
Record No:H046677
Baker, Tracy; McCartney, Matthew P.; Mul, Marloes L. 2014.
Concept note on ecosystem services mapping and linkages to models. Project report submitted to IUCN under the project 'Water Infrastructure Solutions from Ecosystem Services Underpinning Climate Resilient Policies and Programmes (WISE-UP to Climate)'.
Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 4p.
Keywords
River basins / Climate change / Models / Mapping / Ecosystem services
Record No:H046676
Katic, Pamela G.; Lautze, Jonathan; Namara, R. E. 2014.
Impacts of small built infrastructure in inland valleys in Burkina Faso and Mali: rationale for a systems approach that thinks beyond rice?
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,
76-78:83-97.(Special Issue on quot;Transboundary Water Cooperation: Building Partnershipsquot; (Part 2))
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The potential to increase agricultural production in inland valleys in West Africa has received a good degree of attention in both national development strategies and academic literature, and improving agriculture productivity in inland valleys has been an active area of donor engagement. Despite this attention, documentation of the degree to which benefits are enhanced through construction of built water storage infrastructure in such sites is somewhat scant. This paper examines evidence from eight inland valley sites with recently-built water retention infrastructure (4 in southwest Burkina Faso, 4 in southeast Mali) to determine how economic returns derived from agricultural production have changed through built infrastructure construction. Farmer interviews were undertaken at each site to identify costs and benefits of agricultural production before and after small built infrastructure construction. Overall results indicate that net present value increased substantially after built infrastructure was constructed. The results nonetheless highlight substantial variation in economic impacts across sites. A central variable explaining such variation appears to be the degree to which water retention is exploited for groundwater-based offseason cultivation. These findings will help development planners to better predict the degree and nature of change engendered by water storage projects in inland valley sites, and help to ground-truth grand statements about the development potential of this piece of natural infrastructure.
Gender / Soils / Off season cultivation / Farmers / Investment / Finance / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Infrastructure / Valleys / Rice / Agricultural production / Irrigation / Water storage
Record No:H047231
Silverman, A. I.; Akrong, M. O.; Drechsel, Pay. 2014.
On-farm treatment of wastewater used for vegetable irrigation: bacteria and virus removal in small ponds in Accra, Ghana.
Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination,
4(4):276-286.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Many urban farmers in Accra collect irrigation water from streams and open drains, which they store in small, on-farm ponds before use. Given that this water can be highly contaminated with wastewater, another potential role of the ponds is to disinfect irrigation water prior to use. To better understand the factors influencing bacteria and virus removal in these small ponds, we investigated the removal of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci) and coliphage (F+ and somatic coliphage) in a single batch of water stored for 3 days. Sunlight exposure was found to be important for removal. Bacteria and coliphage removal rates were faster in shallow sun-exposed water than in deeper water, due to sunlight attenuation with depth. Bacteria removal rates varied depending on solar irradiation, and correlations between total daily UVB fluence and bacteria removal rates were observed. Coliphage removal was observed in sun-exposed water but not in dark controls that allowed for sedimentation, further highlighting the importance of sunlight-mediated processes. These small ponds appear to have similar disinfection processes to larger-scale waste stabilization ponds, but can have more efficient inactivation due to their shallow depth and operation as batch reactors. Design and management recommendations for on-farm ponds are discussed.
Environmental effects / Irrigation water / Farmers / Ponds / Coliform bacteria / Plant diseases / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / On-farm research
Record No:H046767
Pak, M.; Wegerich, Kai. 2014.
Competition and benefit sharing in the Ferghana Valley: Soviet negotiations on transboundary small reservoir construction.
Central Asian Affairs,
1:225-246.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
While there has been a regional and international focus on large reservoirs in Central Asia, smaller transboundary reservoirs within the Ferghana Valley have been overlooked. The valley is shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, three riparian countries of the upstream Syr Darya. Located within the valley are many small transboundary tributaries and reservoirs. An analysis of the initial proposals and documented negotiations for four of these reservoirs reveals a changing pattern of benefit sharing. These past approaches call into question the argument that the boundaries set by the Soviets did not matter, as well as the assumption that Moscow as a hegemon planned infrastructure in order to divide and rule Central Asia.
Case studies / River basins / Irrigation development / Water management / Water resources / International waters
Record No:H046631
Platonov, Alexander; Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Kabilov, Firdavs. 2014.
Beyond the state order?: second crop production in the Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan.
International Journal of Water Governance,
2:83-104.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
After independence in 1991, Uzbekistan introduced a policy on food security and consequently reduced the irrigated area allocated to cotton and increased the area of winter wheat. Shifting to winter wheat allowed farmers to grow a second crop outside the state-order system. The second crops are the most profitable and therefore farmers tried to maximize the area grown to this second crop. Although the second crops are the most profitable, only few studies have focused on this topic. Evidence is presented which shows that state control of crops has been extended from the main crops, cotton and wheat, to the second crops. Satellite images used for classification of main crops in two provinces of the Ferghana Valley for 20062011, highlight that the area utilized for second crops is dependent on the infrastructure that enables access to the water resource, not on the area’s position within the irrigation system.
Water user associations / Water resources / State intervention / Farmers / Food policies / Winter wheat / Cotton / Cash crops / Irrigated land / Crop production
Record No:H046615
Venot, J.-P.; Suhardiman, Diana. 2014.
Governing the ungovernable: practices and circumstances of governance in the irrigation sector.
International Journal of Water Governance,
2:41-60
Keywords / Abstract
Since the early 2000s, governance has been at the core of the international water agenda. This has elicited calls for reforms in the irrigation sector, including efforts to address the problem of corruption. Nevertheless, the history of policy reform in the irrigation sector is one of repeated institutional refinements, which have hardly materialized into grounded policy measures and practices. Though international donors, policy makers, irrigation scholars and practitioners have long agreed to invest in the ‘soft issues’ of irrigation, most policy interventions have retained a focus on infrastructure-oriented development. This paper identifies decisive factors that preserve the status quo in irrigation development. We draw our analysis on empirical data from countries with a recent (Ghana, West Africa) and long (Indonesia) irrigation history. Beyond the idiosyncrasies of the two case studies that highlight that everyday practices are embedded in, and constrained by, existing institutional rules and mechanisms, but also contribute to shaping these, we make a broader theoretical point. We argue that the ‘business-as-usual’ trajectory that characterizes the irrigation sector is also rooted in the very concept of governance, which is fundamentally about “governing”, that is a practice aiming at steering people towards defined ends, and through different means such as infrastructure, management practices and policies.
Case studies / Farmers / Reservoirs / Investment / Water user associations / Water resources / Bureaucracy / Policy making / Governance / Development / Irrigation management
Record No:H046571
Barker, S. F.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2014.
A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality.
Science of the Total Environment,
487:130-142.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1)Water starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (~10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10-4 DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden.
Health hazards / Faecal coliforms / Sewage / Water quality / Irrigation water / Food composition / Food quality / Ascaris lumbricoides / Rotavirus / Diarrhoea / Gastroenteritis
Record No:H046442
Douxchamps, Sabine; Ayantunde, A.; Barron, J. 2014.
Taking stock of forty years of agricultural water management interventions in smallholder systems of Burkina Faso.
Water Resources and Rural Development,
3:1-13.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Agricultural water management (AWM) strategies have been extensively studied and promoted in Burkina Faso during the past four decades. However, rainfall variability and water access continue to limit agricultural production of most of the smallholder farming systems of the country. Our goals in this paper are: (i) to review the evolution of AWM development with respect to the technologies promoted, while emphasizing the context, approaches, investments and outcomes; (ii) to explore the linkages between the evolution of AWM projects, their outcomes and their impacts on rural livelihoods; and (iii) to provide recommendations to enhance the impact of new development initiatives. Between 1970 and 2009, 195 bilateral and multilateral AWM projects were implemented in Burkina Faso, corresponding to an investment of US$ 641 million.The study of the evolution of these projects allows one to assess the reasons for their success or failure. While projects involved many technical solutions, their actual impact on livelihoods is debatable. Using an outcomeimpacts framework, we provide recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of investments in agricultural water management.
Poverty / Food security / Yields / Project design / Investment / Living standards / Smallholders / Small scale farming / Water management / Agriculture
Record No:H046430
Namara, R. E.; Hope, Lesley; Sarpong, E. O.; de Fraiture, C.; Owusu, D. 2014.
Adoption patterns and constraints pertaining to small-scale water lifting technologies in Ghana.
Agricultural Water Management,
131:194-203.
Keywords / Abstract
Irrigation is a priority development agenda item in Ghana and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a genuine endeavor to increase public and large-scale private investment in the sector. The on-going small holder-driven private irrigation development that is largely based on water lifting technologies is not yet fully appreciated. We propose that smallholders themselves can play a significant role in achieving national irrigation development plans, provided they have access to water lifting technologies, especially small motorized pumps. We analyze adoption patterns and constraints pertaining to water lifting technologies in Ghana and suggest interventions that would enhance wider dissemination. Currently, these technologies are largely accessible only to better-off farmers. The primary factors inhibiting wider application are poorly developed supply chains, lack of access to finance, high operational and maintenancecosts, high output price risks, and lack of institutional support. To realize the potential of water lifting technologies, improvements are required in the entire value chain of lift irrigation systems.
Poverty / Households / Investment / Pumps / Smallholders / Private sector / Irrigation development / Water lifting / Adaptation / Agriculture
Record No:H046195
Pak, M.; Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek. 2014.
Re-examining conflict and cooperation in Central Asia: a case study from the Isfara River, Ferghana Valley.
International Journal of Water Resources Development,
30(2):230-245.
[DOI]
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While conflict and cooperation in Central Asia are mainly focused on the larger basins (Amu and Syr Darya) and the implementation of the agreement reached directly after independence (1991), here an analysis of the history of water-sharing agreements in the Isfara Basin is presented. The paper reveals that there have been fierce negotiations and renegotiations even during the Soviet Union period between the Central Asian riparian republics; agreement was reached mainly though engineering solutions that brought more water to the basin. The paper highlights that although water-sharing agreements were reached early on, the technical capability of implementing these agreements was lacking. Similarly, even after independence, agreements had been reached but lack of water control hindered their implementation.
Case studies / Cooperation / Conflict / Reservoirs / Valleys / River basins / Water allocation / Agreements / Water sharing / International waters / Water management
Record No:H046188
Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Asante-Bekoe, Barbara; Otoo, Miriam; Adamtey, N. 2014.
Potential of locally available products for use as binders in producing fecal compost pellets in Ghana.
Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy,
33(2):504-511.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Market studies in Ghana have revealed a potential for composted or cocomposted fecal matter as nutrient source inputs for agricultural production. To increase the marketability of such products, high nutrient value and easier handling/transporting options are among the significant factors which drive demand. Pelletization is seen as a potentially interesting option to address these challenges. To preserve form stability of the pellet products, the addition of a binding material during the pelletization process is crucial. In Ghana, water, beeswax, clay, and cassava starch have been identified as locally available binding materials. A comparative assessment of these materials as a premier binder suitable for pelletization was performed based on predefined criteria. Quantitative criteria considered included the total amounts available, the seasonal variation during the year and cost. Qualitative criteria such as handling and storage conditions, ease of use during pelletization, and the binding ability were also evaluated. Based on this assessment, clay and cassava-based starch were selected as the most promising binding agents. Currently, clay is abundant in Ghana and this may suggest a guarantee for consistent and stable supply over coming years. However, from the perspective of cassava-based starch, this situation depicts limited production of starch and competition on the local markets.
Risks / Environmental effects / Water holding capacity / Classification / Beeswax / Clay / Pelleting / Costs / Soil fertility / Cassava / Crops / Binders / Fertilizers / Composts / Faeces
Record No:H046137
de Fraiture, C.; Kouali, Gael Ndanga; Sally, Hilmy; Kabre, P. 2014.
Pirates or pioneers?: unplanned irrigation around small reservoirs in Burkina Faso.
Agricultural Water Management,
131:212-220.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Small reservoirs in Burkina Faso are constructed for many purposes such as domestic water uses, livestock watering and irrigated rice production downstream of the dam. Increasingly farmers use individually owned motorized pumps to draw water directly from the reservoir and irrigate vegetables upstream of the dam. This practice, while tolerated, is unauthorized and referred to as ‘irrigation pirate’ in French. Upstream vegetable cultivation is successful because it is more profitable than downstream rice cultivation. Often, the ‘unofficial’ irrigated area around the reservoir is much larger than the official command area below the dam. However, in the absence of an overarching authority to manage the water source, this may lead to conflicts and resource degradation. We take the example of the Korsimoro reservoir in Burkina Faso to illustrate the positive and negative impacts of spontaneous individual irrigation around communally managed water bodies.
Farmers / Water users / Water use / Resource management / Small scale systems / Vegetable growing / Irrigated farming / Downstream / Upstream / Rservoirs
Record No:H046025
Namara, Regassa E.; Sally, Hilmy. 2014.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Irrigation in West Africa: Current Status and a View to the Future, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 1-2 December 2010.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 380p.
[DOI]
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Rainfed farming / River basins / Livestock / Sustainability / Urbanization / Poverty / Climate change / Farmers / Smallholders / Water policy / Water use / Water resources development / Water management / Groundwater / Agricultural sector / Land acquisitions / Land tenure / Land resources / Economic growth / Food security / Investment / Financing / Irrigated land / Irrigated farming / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation systems
Record No:H046755
Olajide-Taiwo, L. O.; Bamimore, K.; Olajide-Taiwo, F. B.; Cofie, Olufunke; Babajide, K. S. 2014.
Prospects, challenges and institutional linkages of vegetable value chain in Ibadan city of Nigeria.
In Nono-Womdim, R.; Mendez, D. Gutierrez; Sy Gaye, A. (Eds.). International Symposium on Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture in the Century of Cities: Lessons, Challenges, Opportunities, Dakar, Senegal, 6 December 2010. Vol 1. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp.299-305.
(ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1021)
Keywords / Abstract
The entire population of over 2.5 million people living in Ibadan city of Nigeria depends on farmers within and around the city to supply up to 80% of their vegetables, estimated at about 900 tonnes per day. This study was carried out to establish the presence, types, systems and institutional linkages influencing the urban and peri-urban vegetable-value chain in the city. Three local government areas (LGAs), comprising two urban and one peri-urban LGA were chosen among the 11 which make up the metropolitan city for the study. They were selected because of their high number of agricultural activities. From the estimated list of 5,082 farmers in the selected LGAs, 210 respondents were randomly selected. Data were collected from the farmers using a schedule of structured interviews. Marketers, processors and supplies dealers were also interviewed using focal group discussions of between 8 and 10 interviewees per session to generate qualitative data about their involvement in the vegetable-value chain in the city. Other stakeholders, in particular key informants from institutions (academic and research institutions, and extension, health, land and finance services) were interviewed. Because of the exploratory nature of the study, data were analyzed with descriptive (frequency counts, percentages, measures of central tendencies) statistics and rankings. An informal network of producers-marketers-consumers exists for the vegetable value chain in the city. The network provides income ranging from N 50,000.00-500,000.00 (N 150 = $ 1.00) per annum for participants based on activities within the chain. Vegetables (Amaranthus, Corchorus, Celosia, okra and pepper) production accounts for 42% of the crop production enterprise. The crops are planted on roadsides (23%), in backyards (22%), and near streams (14%), among other locations. Inadequate finance ranked highest among the listed constraints, and institutional linkages are weak. Concerted and conscious efforts with enabling policies should be instituted to attain the full potential of the vegetable-value chain in the city of Ibadan.
Poverty / Crop production / Farmers / Marketing / Vegetables / Urban horticulture
Record No:H046438
Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Akple, M. 2014.
Enhancing adoption of food safety measures in urban vegetable production and marketing systems.
In Nono-Womdim, R.; Mendez, D. Gutierrez; Sy Gaye, A. (Eds.). International Symposium on Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture in the Century of Cities: Lessons, Challenges, Opportunities, Dakar, Senegal, 5-9 December 2010. Vol 1. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp.391-399.
(ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1021)
Keywords / Abstract
Urban vegetable production and marketing systems in low-income countries are prone to contamination from polluted irrigation water, use of manure as fertilizer, unsanitary market conditions and other improper postharvest handling practices. In the recent past, the multiple-barrier approach has been adapted in research to develop measures to reduce contamination at different levels on the food chain. However, adoption of these measures could be constrained by low awareness levels of risks and risk-reduction measures as well as lack of adoption incentives. This paper presents various approaches and practical considerations that could enhance adoption rates of these measures, based on lessons learned from extensive studies carried out in Ghana. These studies include participatory development of risk reduction measures where end-users are actively involved in the process, incorporating their perceptions, needs and constraints. In addition, relevant social marketing techniques, incentive systems, awareness creation/education strategies and appropriate regulation measures are described. However, for optimal adoption, a combined framework of the most relevant approaches is advised.
Health hazards / Waste management / Farmers / Costs / Risk management / Contamination / Marketing / Vegetables / Urban agriculture / Food security
Record No:H046437
Larbi, T. O.; Cofie, Olufunke; Amoah, Philip; Veenhuizen, R. V. 2014.
Strengthening urban producer organizations for innovative vegetable production and marketing in West African cities: experiences from Accra, Chana and Ibadan, Nigeria.
In Nono-Womdim, R.; Mendez, D. Gutierrez; Sy Gaye, A. (Eds.). International Symposium on Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture in the Century of Cities: Lessons, Challenges, Opportunities, Dakar, Senegal, 6 December 2010. Vol 1. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp.167-180.
(ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1021)
Keywords / Abstract
Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is seen as a subsistence-oriented production system. It has been given little formal support or recognition by city authorities in the development plans. Recent development programmes have continued to raise awareness about this phenomenon, and local authorities have begun to understand the role UPA can play in improving urban food supply and reducing poverty. Constraints to UPA such as limited access to land and good quality water, poor farmer organization, participation in policy development, and poor policy support, imply that UPA needs to be productive and profitable through diverse innovations. In Accra, Ghana and Ibadan, Nigeria, 200 urban farmers were organized into 8 producer groups and trained using technical and organizational innovations in vegetable production so as to improve yield and income. The Ibadan groups were predominantly female farmers, while Accra groups were mainly male. Training was delivered through the Urban Producer Field Schools (UPFS) on topics ranging from integrated plant production and protection principles, food safety and risk-minimization in wastewater use for irrigation to value-addition for marketing. Farmers dealt with organized marketing, targeting niche markets. The farmer groups in Accra progressed significantly over a one-year period of group strengthening as became evident in their organized structure and participation in group processes. The Ibadan group lagged behind at the group formation stage, apparently because of the hierarchical nature of the group and personal conflicts. In addition, external factors such as disease infestation affected the group processes in Ibadan. Adoption of innovations was higher among the farmers in Accra, where farmers applied at least 3 out of 6 different innovations, while adoption of innovations among female farmers in Ibadan was low: as less than 30% adopted 2 out of 5 different innovations. In both Accra and Ibadan, considerable improvement in crop performance was recorded.
Capacity building / Farmers / Wastewater / Marketing / Food security / Vegetables / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046436
Aboah, J.; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Meuwissen, M. P. M. 2014.
Financial feasibility analysis of the fortifer business model in the Cape Coast Metropolis in Ghana.
Paper presented at the 14th EAAE [European Association of Agricultural Economists] International Congress on Agri-Food and Rural Innovations for Healthier Societies, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 26-29 August 2014. 6p.
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This study seeks to analyse the financial feasibility of upscaling the fortifer business model in Ghana. Data originate from the pilot project in Accra, extended with expert elicitation. The NPV and IRR were used as decision criteria for Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private Scenarios. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to identify input parameters which had most impact on NPV. Economic and simulation results reveal higher probability of financial feasibility in the PPP Scenario. Outcomes are useful for policy makers to jointly steer urban waste management and farmers’ needs in the area of sustainable soil management.
Investment / Public-private cooperation / Models / Cost analysis / Sewage sludge / Excreta / Waste management / Feasibility studies / Financing
Record No:H046892
Debevec, Liza; Salzer, A. K. 2014.
Anthropologists and participatory research in research for development projects: case studies from Ethiopia, Ghana and Burkina Faso [Abstract only].
Paper presented at the 13th EASA Biennial Conference on Collaboration, Intimacy amp; Revolution-Innovation and Continuity in an Interconnected World, Tallinn, Estonia, 31st July - 3rd August 2014. 1p.
Keywords / Abstract
As anthropologists working in research for development (R4D) we are under pressure to use participatory methods in our research. However, the level and quality of participation often vary from one project to another or even within a single project, due to the type of participatory approaches used and due to differing perceptions by researchers and other stakeholders of what participation is all about. In this paper we examine the good and the bad of participatory approaches in R4D, by comparing methods (3D participatory mapping, Companion Modelling, Innovation platforms and other forms of participatory workshops) in concrete examples from R4D projects in 3 African countries (Ethiopia, Ghana and Burkina Faso). While participation is believed to offer an alternative to top-down decision making, it can, in some cases actually reinforce such decision-making processes and power differences. Understanding the potential of participation requires first an understanding of the political and social realities underlying the context in which it is being implemented.
Participatory approaches / Research / Anthropology
Record No:H046762
Debevec, Liza; Banhoro, Y. 2014.
The water reform in Burkina Faso between discourse and reality: the case of water user associations in Bougouriba water basin in SW [South West region] Burkina Faso [Abstract only].
Paper presented at the 50th Anniversary Conference of the Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology (JASCA) on The Future with/of Anthropologies, Chiba, Japan, 15 May 2014. 1p.
Keywords / Abstract
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For two decades now Burkina Faso has been trying to adopt the global concept of IWRM. The official texts were developed between 1996 and 2001, while the experiment was being put into action in the Nakambe river basin. Following a positive outcome, the Action plan on integrated water resource management was adopted in 2003, defining a strategy and action plan to be executed by the water resource management by the 2015 deadline. We try to understand the effects of the reform at the grass roots level, how it has been taken and understood by the local population in the South West region of Burkina Faso, which happens to be one of the most fertile and wet areas of the country, but paradoxically also a region facing problems in WRM and in having access to drinking water. Our research suggests that the reform is definitely in progress in the area of study and that it has created a sense of hope and expectations among the local population with regard to effective management solutions as to the availability and supply of drinking water. However, a gap still exists between the legal texts of the reform and their application in the field and lies at the level of the appropriation of the concept of IWRM, the availability of financial resources and the required technical skills.
Case studies / Drinking water / River basins / Water management / Water resources / Water user associations
Record No:H046761
Impraim, Robert; Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Rao, Krishna. 2014.
Value from faecal sludge and municipal organic waste: fertilizer cum soil conditioner in Ghana.
Paper presented at the 37th WEDC [Water, Engineering and Development Centre] International Conference on Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services for All in a Fast Changing World, Hanoi, Vietnam, 15-19 September 2014. 6p.
Keywords / Abstract
Ghana is confronted with waste management challenges. with 20-40% uncollected solid waste in most cities. Also. large volumes of faecal sludge are discharged untreated into the environment. Although these wastes pose serious environmental concerns, they also contain nutrients and organic matter essential for improving soil agricultural productivity. The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), since 2001. has researched into nutrient and organic matter recovery from faecal sludge and organic solid waste in Ghana and some Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka or Bangladesh. This has led to the production of various formulations of faecal sludge based compost (with quot;Fortiferquot; as a generic apos;brand apos;), both in the form ofpellets and powders, and specifically an ongoing project aiming at producing and commercializing the Fortifer in Ghana through a Public Private Partnership. This paper presents a summary of Fortifer technology, project objectives as well as lessons learnt during its implementation.
Sanitation / Productivity / Agricultural production / Nutrients / Soil conditioners / Waste management / Organic wastes / Urban wastes / Sewage sludge / Faecal coliforms
Record No:H046659
Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon; Wegerich, Kai. 2014.
The rising challenge of water resources management at the urban fringes - evidence from Ferghana district of Uzbekistan [Abstract only].
In Samarkand State University. 2nd International Conference on Arid Lands Studies on Innovations for Sustainability and Food Security in Arid and Semiarid Lands. Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 10-14 September 2014 . Book of Abstracts. Samarkand, Uzbekistan: Samarkand State University. pp.88.
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With the global expansion of urban areas, competition over both land and water resources is steadily increasing, especially within developing countries(FAO 2012; Kuslu 2007; CER 2009). The expansion of urban areas into agricultural areas, such as in Uzbekistan, has created competition for water between farmers and non-farmers (FAO 2002, 2005). Subsequent growth of urban and peri-urban areas envisages new and expanded demands for water resources, entailing both reproductive and productive uses especially by the poor (Drechsel et al. 2006; van Koppen et al. 2006). The integration of these other, competing uses into the planning or proper design of water provision and management systems has been lacking (van Koppen et al. 2006). The agricultural sector, being the former most dominant sector in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was the core provider of employment and basic livelihoods. After independence in 1991, Uzbekistan experienced a political and economic transition, which resulted in transformation of water land as well as water management and social and institutional challenges, particularly for the agricultural sector. Here a case study on the urbanizing Ferghana district in Uzbekistan is presented which highlights rising competition for water and the associated gender dimensions of the changing water management structure. While traditionally Water User Associations (WUAs) are set up to govern and manage water resources for farmers, the urban expansion into agricultural areas means that WUAs now must integrate the concerns of nonfarmers and multiple water uses in peri-urban communities. Given the expansion and increased importance of kitchen gardens for the majority of the rural population for livelihood security, it is necessary to reprioritize on their respective water needs and towards better integration in WUAs. Donors as well as the government have to adapt their policies, project and recommendations to these changes.
Case studies / Gender / Water user associations / Water use / Multiple use / Farmers / Urban areas / Water management / Water resources
Record No:H046644
Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. 2014.
The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures.
Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer 489p.
(Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Keywords
Case studies / Biodiversity / Land use / Emission reduction / Greenhouse gases / Knowledge management / Climate change / Labour mobility / Horticulture / Nutrients / Waste treatment / Excreta / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater management / Decentralization / Milk production / Malnutrition / Health hazards / Sanitation / Carbon cycle / Solar energy / Catchment areas / Water availability / Water demand / Water use / Water supply / Water footprint / Social aspects / Sustainable development / Models / Hydrological cycle / Rural areas / Urbanization / Urban areas / Periurban areas / Agriculture / Energy conservation / Food supply / Food production / Food security / Water security
Record No:H046685
CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 2014.
Ecosystem services and resilience framework.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) 46p.
[DOI]
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Case studies / Decision making / Monitoring / Impact assessment / Planning / Soil conservation / Farmers / Stakeholders / Investment / Income / Public health / Nutrition / Food security / Poverty / Living standards / Rural areas / Communities / Sustainability / Governance / Rice / Productivity / Agroecosystems / Landscape / Agriculture / Ecosystem services
Record No:H046683
Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. 2014.
Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 247p.
[DOI]
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Stakeholders / Malaria / Health hazards / Public health / Sustainability / Environmental health / Faecal coliforms / Heavy metals / Helminths / Pesticide residues / Biological contamination / Soil fertility / Land tenure / Women farmers / Gender / Marketing / Income / Households / Financing / Economic aspects / Water policy / Water use / Water quality / Sanitation / Food supply / Food security / Cropping systems / Wastewater irrigation / Risk management / Vegetable growing / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming
Record No:H046597
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2014.
Wetlands and people.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 32p.
[DOI]
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Case studies / Income / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Rice / Fish farming / Poverty / Living standards / Lakes / Deltas / Dams / River basins / Ecosystems / Natural resources management / Wetlands
Record No:H046304
Drechsel, Pay. 2014.
Who feeds the cities?: a comparison of urban, peri-urban and rural food flows in Ghana.
In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.257-267.
(Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Keywords / Abstract
The present study quantified for the two major cities of Ghana, Accra and Kumasi, the contribution of peri-urban agriculture, rural agriculture and urban agriculture to urban food supply, and analysed how much of the nutrients needed in peri-urban areas could be recovered from urban waste recycling. While the majority of calorie rich food derives from rural areas, urban and peri-urban farms cover significant shares of certain, usually more perishable but vitamin rich commodities. With every harvest, the soils in the production areas export parts of their nutrients or soil fertility. Thus the “urban nutrient footprint” is significant and calls for options to close the rural-urban nutrient loop. Currently, between 70 and 80 % of the nitrogen and phosphorous consumed in Kumasi pollutes the urban environment, especially ground and surface water. Based on the available waste transport capacity in Kumasi, the entire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) demand of urban farming could be covered, and 18 % of the N and 25 % of the P needs of peri-urban agriculture in a 40 km radius around Kumasi, if the already collected organic municipal waste and fecal sludge would be co-composted.
Environmental effects / Urban areas / Sewage sludge / Faeces / Composts / Waste treatment / Nutrients / Food supply / Rural areas / Urban agriculture / Suburban agriculture
Record No:H046690
Van Rooijen, D.; Smout, I.; Drechsel, Pay; Biggs, T. 2014.
Wastewater treatment capacity, food production and health risk in peri-urban areas: a comparison of three cities.
In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.219-231.
(Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Keywords / Abstract
Growing cities and their demand for water challenges the management of water resources and provides opportunities for wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. In the cases studied, large volumes of fresh water are extracted from sources often located increasingly further away from the city, while investments in wastewater disposal often lag behind. The resulting environmental impact in peri-urban areas can have multiple consequences for public health, in particular through the use of untreated or poorly treated wastewater in irrigated agriculture. Despite significant efforts to increase wastewater treatment, substantial volumes of untreated wastewater are applied in irrigated agriculture in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Accra (Ghana) and Hyderabad (India). Additional options for safeguarding public health are required to allow the cities to maintain the benefits from already existing, but largely informal, wastewater reuse.
Developing countries / Irrigated farming / Wastewater irrigation / Periurban areas / Public health / Health hazards / Food production / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H046689
Drechsel, Pay; Cofie, Olufunke; Amoah, Philip. 2014.
Thirsty cities: the urban water footprint and the peri-urban interface, a four city case study from West Africa.
In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.113-120.
(Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Keywords / Abstract
Urbanisation is increasingly affecting inter-sectoral water allocations. This paper looks beyond physical water transfers at the larger urban water footprint and how much it is affecting the urban periphery in the case of four cities in West Africa (Accra, Kumasi, Tamale and Ouagadougou). The results showed a water footprint variation between 892 and 1,280 m3/capita/year for these four cities based on actual and virtual water flows. The virtual flow through the food chain is outscoring actual domestic water consumption by a factor of 4060 and using water resources far beyond the peri-urban interphase. However, the picture is changing with consideration of the grey water footprint. Due to limited wastewater treatment, peri-urban areas are the hot spots of water pollution diminishing their fresh water resources. The fresh water affected by the urban return flow easily doubles the overall urban water footprint. Improved on-site sanitation, especially with water saving and urine and excreta separating toilets would have a significant positive impact on the quality and quantity of the urban water footprint given that actual water availability is limiting large scale sewer connections for final wastewater treatment.
Case studies / Households / Water use / Domestic water / Wastewater treatment / Virtual water / Periurban areas / Urbanization / Water footprint
Record No:H046687
Cofie, Olufunke; Van Rooijen, D.; Nikiema, Josiane. 2014.
Challenges and opportunities for recycling excreta for peri-urban agriculture in urbanising countries.
In Maheshwari, B.; Purohit, R.; Malano, H.; Singh, V. P.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie. (Eds.). The security of water, food, energy and liveability of cities: challenges and opportunities for peri-urban futures. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.301-310
(Water Science and Technology Library Volume 71)
Keywords / Abstract
As urbanisation increases, so does the challenge of meeting water, sanitation and food requirements in urban areas. In particular, the management of human excreta from on-site sanitation facilities remains a challenge and continues to endanger public health and degrades the environment through soil and water pollution. Yet much of the excreta consist of organic matter and nutrients that are valuable inputs for agriculture. Recycling in agriculture has often neglected the recovery of nutrients and organic matter in faecal sludge collected from on-site sanitation facilities in developing countries. Exploring the high proportion of resources in excreta can provide a winwin strategy by reducing the environmental pollution, enhancing soil fertility and therefore improving livelihoods. Challenges to maximising these benefits include: type of sanitation facility used in developing countries, nature of faecal materials, prevailing treatment technologies which are usually designed for waste disposal not for reuse, institutional and market factors as well as negative perceptions regarding excreta use in agriculture. Nevertheless, urban and peri-urban agriculture presents a good opportunity for nutrient recycling, provided that technological and socio-economic strategies for optimum recovery are taken into account. The paper concludes with a description of successful recycling options that can contribute to improving farm productivity, using evidence from Ghana.
Environmental health / Food production / Composting / Organic fertilizers / Recycling / Urine / Waste treatment / Faecal coliforms / Excreta / Health hazards / Sanitation / Urban areas / Urban agriculture / Suburban agriculture
Record No:H046582
Clayton, Terry; Victor, Michael. 2014.
From research outputs to development outcomes: selected stories.
In Harrington, Larry W.; Fisher, M. J. (Eds.). Water scarcity, livelihoods and food security: research and innovation for development. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.178-199.
(Earthscan Studies in Water Resource Management)
Keywords
Fisheries / Farmers / Multiple use / Water governance / River basins / Floodplains / Models / Public health / Living standards / Sustainability / Resource management / Community development / Environmental services / Investment / Research policy
Record No:H046788
Drechsel, Pay; Obuobie, E.; Adam-Bradford, A.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014.
Governmental and regulatory aspects of irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana and options for its institutionalization.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.199-218.
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This chapter examines key institutional issues that are important to the recognition and sustainability of irrigated vegetable farming in Ghanaian cities. It assesses the informal nature of the business and examines current roles being played by relevant agencies directly or indirectly linked to urban vegetable farming and urban wastewater management. The chapter also looks at relevant bylaws, strategies and policies that have implications for the recognition of informal irrigation and/or the adoption of safety measures for risk reduction in irrigated vegetable farming. It also suggests options to facilitate the institutionalization of irrigated urban agriculture.
Food safety / Food quality / Wastewater management / Government agencies / Regulations / Legal aspects / Institutionalization / Vegetable growing / Irrigated farming / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046612
Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Amoah, Philip; Karg, H. 2014.
Health risk management for safe vegetable irrigation.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.180-198.
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This chapter presents approaches tested in Ghana to mitigate wastewater irrigation-related risks for consumers and farmers from microbial contamination. The recommended interventions follow the WHO approach concerning multiple barriers along the food chain. Factors that could support the uptake of safety measures are discussed.
Income / Pathogens / Sanitation / WHO / Food consumption / Biological contamination / Farmers / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetable growing / Risk management / Health hazards
Record No:H046611
Egyir, I. S.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Dubbeling, M. 2014.
Options for local financing in urban agriculture.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.145-160.
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Access to debt financing (credit) is crucial to the development of urban agricultural production, processing and marketing activities. This chapter is based on a 2009 study 1 carried out in Accra to assess the practices of institutions and programs that could finance urban agriculture as well as the existing bottlenecks and opportunities in financing. Information is based on surveys involving 179 respondents sampled from financial institutions; urban farmers (not limited to vegetable farmers), traders and processors; literature reviews, stakeholder mapping; focus group discussions; key informant interviews; and a validation workshop.
Surveys / Urban farmers / Loans / Financial institutions / Financing / Vegetables / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046609
Larbi, T. O.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Amoah, Philip; van Veenhuizen, R. 2014.
Strengthening urban producer organizations.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.136-144.
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The chapter presents the process and results from a project implemented in Accra by the Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) Foundation to strengthen farmers’ organizations for innovative irrigated vegetable farming and marketing. One hundred urban farmers were organized into eight producer groups and trained on technical and organizational innovations along the vegetable value chain towards improved yield and income. Training was delivered through Urban Producer Field Schools (UPFS) on topics ranging from integrated plant production and protection principles, food safety and risk-minimization in wastewater use for irrigation to value addition for marketing. Farmers were also engaged in organized marketing, targeting niche markets.
Training programmes / Marketing / Irrigated farming / Vegetable growing / Urban farmers / Farmers organizations
Record No:H046608
Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B.; Seidu, R.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2014.
Human health risks from wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.104-115
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Contamination levels of water and crops which exceed common standards are only a first indication of human health risks. This chapter shows estimates of human health risks from consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables based for example on dose-response modeling. The chapter focuses on human health risks and risk perceptions of microbiological and chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides.
Pesticides / Heavy metals / Biological contamination / Vegetables / Wastewater irrigation / Health hazards / Public health
Record No:H046606
Amoah, Philip; Lente, I.; Asem-Hiablie, S.; Abaidoo, R. C. 2014.
Quality of vegetables in Ghanaian urban farms and markets.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.89-103.
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This chapter shows results obtained from analyzing samples of vegetables taken at the farm gate and from selling points in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. Microbiological data are based on a total of about 1,500 vegetable samples taken from different sampling points along the vegetable distribution chain farm gates and from different categories of sellers in Accra, Tamale and Kumasi. Fecal coliforms and helminth eggs were mainly used as the fecal contamination indicator organisms. For chemical contaminants, heavy metals and pesticides in irrigation water and vegetables were analyzed, while estrogens were used as an example for emerging contaminants.
Lettuces / Irrigation water / Pesticide residues / Faecal coliforms / Heavy metals / Helminths / Chemical contamination / Marketing / Vegetables
Record No:H046605
Keraita, B.; Cofie, Olufunke O. 2014.
Irrigation and soil fertility management practices.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.74-88.
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This chapter describes the different irrigation methods and nutrient application practices used by urban vegetable farmers. Data are based on surveys conducted in Kumasi, Accra and Tamale. Recent relevant publications are also reviewed.
Pumps / Wells / Urban agriculture / Farmers / Nutrient management / Soil fertility / Irrigation methods / Irrigation management
Record No:H046604
Keraita, B.; Silverman, A.; Amoah, Philip; Asem-Hiablie, S. 2014.
Quality of irrigation water used for urban vegetable production.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.62-73.
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This chapter presents findings from studies conducted in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale aimed at assessing the quality of irrigation water used by farmers in and around the cities. Samples for laboratory analysis were taken from sources of water used for irrigation. Microbiological, chemical and other emerging contaminants are presented.
Heavy metals / Contamination / Helminths / Sanitation / Farmers / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture / Faecal coliforms / Waste treatment / Water quality / Water use / Irrigation water
Record No:H046603
Henseler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2014.
Marketing channels for irrigated exotic vegetables.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.51-61
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This chapter provides qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution pathways of irrigated vegetables, with a focus on lettuce, produced in Kumasi and Accra from the farm to the consumer. The data from a survey carried out in 2005 show the contribution of irrigated urban farming and the size of the beneficiary group in Accra, which is also the group at risk from crop contamination which has been quantified.
Surveys / Consumers / Food supply / Retail marketing / Wholesale marketing / Lettuces / Vegetables / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming
Record No:H046602
Danso, G.; Hope, L.; Drechsel, Pay. 2014.
Financial and economic aspects of urban vegetable farming.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.38-50.
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This chapter explores some of the financial and economic aspects of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Ghana. Cost-benefit analysis comparisons were made of farm finances of common rural, peri-urban and urban farming systems. Substudies also tried to quantify benefits for society and to cost externalities related to soil nutrient depletion, pesticide use and urban malaria.
Environmental impact / Households / Food security / Food supply / Malaria / Health hazards / Public health / Soil fertility / Pesticides / Crops / Vegetables / Farming systems / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Costs / Financing / Economic aspects
Record No:H046601
Danso, G.; Drechsel, Pay; Obuobie, E.; Forkuor, G.; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G. 2014.
Urban vegetable farming sites, crops and cropping practices.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.7-27.
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The chapter describes the major sites of open-space vegetable farming in Ghana’s main cities. It also presents the principal cropping systems and characteristics of urban farmers involved in irrigated vegetable production.
Maize / Farmers / Farmland / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming / Crops / Vegetables
Record No:H046599
Drechsel, Pay; Adam-Bradford, A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa. 2014.
Irrigated vegetable farming in urban Ghana: a farming system between challenges and resilience.
In Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, B. (Eds.) Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.1-6.
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This chapter serves as an introduction to the book and provides brief information about urbanization in West Africa, and in Ghana in particular, the general role of urban agriculture and the common use of polluted irrigation water. It describes our focus on irrigated smallholder vegetable production and our understanding of the terms ‘urban‘, ‘peri-urban’ and ‘wastewater’. The chapter reflects on some of the key challenges of the farming system, its dynamic and resilience. It also gives an overview on the structure of the book, the origins of the data and the main objective of this publication.
Farmers / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Water pollution / Irrigation water / Urbanization / Vegetables / Farming systems / Irrigated farming
Record No:H046598
Katic, Pamela G. 2014.
Improving West African rice production with agricultural water management strategies.
In Grafton, R. Q.; Wyrwoll, P.; White, C.; Allendes, D. (Eds.). Global water: issues and insights. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University (ANU Press). pp.27-31.
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Farmers / Labour costs / Prices / Irrigation systems / Water management / Rice / Agricultural policy / Agricultural production
Record No:H046532
Debevec, Liza. 2014.
La magia dei dadi Maggi: consumo e discorso della modernita in Burkina Faso. In Italian.
In Franceschi, Z. A.; Peveri, V. (Eds.). Raccontare di gusto: arti del cibo e della memoria in America latina e Africa. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni ETS. pp.221-236.
Keywords
Urbanization / Traditions / Modernization / Ingredients / Feeding habits / Food enrichment / Food consumption
Record No:H046449
Keller, A.; Weight, Elizabeth; Taylor, S. 2013.
Evaluation rapide de la disponibilite en eau et des technologies appropriees pour la petite agriculture: directives pour les acteurs de terrain. In French.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 64p. (Also in English)
(IWMI Working Paper 156 / Document de travail IWMI 156)
[DOI]
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Les restrictions sur l’acces a l’eau sont la principale raison des difficultes qu’eprouvent des millions d’agriculteurs pauvres a faire pousser suffisamment de cultures alimentaires et commerciales pour ameliorer leurs conditions de vie. Les organismes du secteur prive, les organisations de la societe civile et les bailleurs de fonds qui cherchent a ameliorer l’acces des petits agriculteurs aux ressources en eau sont confrontes a une insuffisance des donnees sur l’emplacement et l’accessibilite des ressources en eau. Cet article comble cette lacune en proposant une methode eprouvee d’evaluation des ressources en eau auxquelles les petits agriculteurs pourraient acceder de maniere durable et abordable. Il facilite egalement le choix de technologies appropriees pour acceder aux ressources en eau disponibles et les appliquer. La methode decrite est rapide et relativement peu onereuse, elle se fonde sur une approche progressive pour l’evaluation d’une zone a grande echelle (ex.: un pays ou une region), puis rassemble davantage d’informations sur les emplacements les plus favorables a un acces abordable a l’eau pour les petits agriculteurs.
Case studies / Technology assessment / Guidelines / Data collection / Poverty / Non governmental organizations / Private sector / Public sector / Living standards / Soils / Irrigation / Rivers / Reservoirs / Drilling / Wells / Pumps / Farmers / Gender / Water resources / Groundwater / Water management / Agriculture / Small scale farming / Water availability
Record No:H046776
Keller, A.; Weight, Elizabeth; Taylor, S. 2013.
Rapid assessment of water availability and appropriate technologies for small-scale farming: guidelines for practitioners.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 61p.
(IWMI Working Paper 156)
[DOI]
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Limited access to water is a key reason why millions of poor farmers struggle to grow enough food and marketable crops to improve their lives. Public sector agencies, civil society organizations and donors seeking to improve small-scale farmers’ access to water resources face limited data on the location and accessibility of water resources. This paper addresses this gap by providing a tested method to assess water resources that small-scale farmers can access affordably and sustainably. This paper also supports the selection of appropriate water access and application technologies for available water resources. The method described is rapid and relatively inexpensive; it uses a phased approach to assess a broad-scale area (e.g., a country or region); and then gathers more information in locations that have higher potential for affordable water access by small-scale farmers.
Case studies / Technology assessment / Guidelines / Data collection / Poverty / Non governmental organizations / Private sector / Public sector / Living standards / Soils / Irrigation / Rivers / Reservoirs / Drilling / Wells / Pumps / Farmers / Gender / Water resources / Groundwater / Water management / Agriculture / Small scale farming / Water availability
Record No:H046752
Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Cofie, Olufunke; Larbi, T. O.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013.
Facilitating outcomes: multi-stakeholder processes for influencing policy change on urban agriculture in selected West African and South Asian cities.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 38p.
(IWMI Research Report 153)
[DOI]
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The Multi-stakeholder Policy Formulation and Action Planning approach was applied in the context of a multi-city study to influence and/or change policies that govern urban agriculture practices in three African and two Asian countries. Although the approach was successful and resulted in remarkable outcomes, it showed space for improvement to facilitate its application. The study also showed that there are significant regional differences in how best to achieve policy change, which require careful attention in order to achieve the highest returns on investment in the facilitation of impact pathways.
Capacity building / Action plan / Policy / Stakeholders / Governance / Agricultural development / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046246
Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, Karen G.; Verma, Shilp. 2013.
Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Part 2.
Water International,
38(6):790-863. (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors).
Keywords
Cost benefit analysis / Gender / Poverty / Water user associations / Smallholders / Pumps / Sustainability / Living standards / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater development
Record No:H046255
Pavelic, Paul; Villholth, Karen G.; Verma, Shilp. 2013.
Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Part 1.
Water International,
38(4):363-503. (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors).
Keywords
Water quality / Hydrogeology / Pumps / Dry season / Evapotranspiration / Smallholders / Small scale systems / Sustainability / Living standards / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater development
Record No:H046254
Silverman, A. I.; Akrong, M. O.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Nelson, K. L. 2013.
Quantification of human norovirus GII, human adenovirus, and fecal indicator organisms in wastewater used for irrigation in Accra, Ghana.
Journal of Water and Health,
11(3):473-488.
Keywords / Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is frequently used to estimate health risks associated with wastewater irrigation and requires pathogen concentration estimates as inputs. However, human pathogens, such as viruses, are rarely quantified in water samples, and simple relationships between fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen concentrations are used instead. To provide data that can be used to refine QMRA models of wastewater-fed agriculture in Accra, stream, drain, and waste stabilization pond waters used for irrigation were sampled and analyzed for concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (human-specific Bacteroidales, E. coli, Enterococci, thermotolerant coliform, and somatic and F+ coliphages) and two human viruses (adenovirus and norovirus genogroup II). E. coli concentrations in all samples exceeded limits suggested by the World Health Organization, and human-specific Bacteroidales was found in all but one sample, suggesting human fecal contamination. Human viruses were detected in 16 out of 20 samples, were quantified in 12, and contained 23 orders of magnitude more norovirus than predicted by norovirus to E. coli concentration ratios assumed in recent publications employing indicator-based QMRA. As wastewater irrigation can be beneficial for farmers and municipalities, these results should not discourage water reuse in agriculture, but provide motivation and targets for wastewater treatment before use on farms.
WHO / Microorganisms / Feaces / Pathogenic viruses / Health hazards / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H046528
van Koppen, Barbara; Hope, Lesley; Colenbrander, W. 2013.
Gender aspects of smallholder private groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia.
Water International,
38(6):840-851.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This paper explores gender aspects of smallholders’ private technology adoption for groundwater irrigation in Ghana and Zambia. It focuses on two variables of quantitative farm-household surveys: household headship and gendered plot management. The paper compares adoption rates and types of technologies for female- and male-headed households; examines adoption rates when women have their own plots; and compares women’s decision making on irrigated plots and rainfed plots. The findings suggest that there are largely untapped synergies between gender-equality and irrigation-policy goals. Systematic gender differentiation in surveys is recommended.
Technology / Smallholders / Decision making / Women / Gender / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H046201
Namara, Regassa E.; Gebregziabher, Gebrehaweria; Giordano, Meredith; de Fraiture, C. 2013.
Small pumps and poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of current extent of use and poverty outreach.
Water International,
38(6):827-839
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The expansion of irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been slow. In Asia, the rapid expansion of smallholder irrigation systems was attributed in part to the availability and affordability of motorized pumps. This paper appraises the current extent of pump-based irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa; profiles the socio-economic and demographic attributes of current pump adopters; and assesses the poverty outreach of small-pump technology. It shows that private smallholder irrigation is practised mainly by the wealthier farmers. The development of groundwater irrigation requires targeted and deliberate public-policy interventions and institutional support focusing on the more marginal farmers.
Socioeconomic environment / Technology / Water lifting / Farmers / Smallholders / Poverty / Pumps / Irrigated sites / Irrigation systems
Record No:H046200
Shah, Tushaar; Verma, S.; Pavelic, Paul. 2013.
Understanding smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: results of a sample survey from nine countries.
Water International,
38(6):809-826.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Smallholder irrigation is emerging as a development priority in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a survey of 1554 smallholders from nine countries, this paper compares rainfed farming with gravity-flow, manual-lift and motor-pump irrigation. Motor-pump-irrigation farmers reported the highest net value added per acre and per family worker, with gravity-flow and manual-irrigation farmers earning marginally more than rainfed-only farmers. In addition to making affordable pumps more readily available, improving the availability of working capital, enhancing security of tenure and ensuring the availability of affordable fuel are all likely to accelerate smallholder irrigation development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Investment / Land tenure / Households / Women / Farmers / Crop production / Rainfed farming / Surveys / Living standards / Socioeconomic environment / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Irrigation development / Smallholders
Record No:H046198
Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Adamtey, N. 2013.
Processing of fecal sludge to fertilizer pellets using a low-cost technology in Ghana.
Environment and Pollution,
2(4):70-87.
[DOI]
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This paper describes a study that was aimed at optimizing the pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers for agricultural use. The process developed is easy to implement and increases the marketability of the products while also addressing a serious health and environmental challenge. The study took place during the period 2011-2012 in Ghana. The fecal sludge, rich in nutrients and organic matter, was dried and used to produce five different fertilizers (i.e., four formulations of compost and one with gamma irradiated material). Each material was then pelletized using locally constructed machinery. Key operating parameters, such as moisture content (10-55% in mass), binder type (clay or starch) and concentration (0-10% in mass), were varied and their impacts on the characteristics of pellets (e.g., amount of fine materials generated, length distribution or stability of pellets, and pellet disintegration rate) were also followed. Given the low analyzing capabilities of developing countries, some simple analytical methods were developed and used to compare pellets produced under different conditions. The results confirmed that the addition of 3% of pregelatinized starch is recommended during pelletization of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. Applicable moisture contents were also identified per fertilizer type, and were found to comprise between 21 and 43%.
Analytical methods / Public health / Moisture content / Gamma irradiation / Composts / Pellets / Sewage sludge / Faecal coliforms / Fertilizers
Record No:H046116
Anayah, F. M.; Kaluarachchi, J. J.; Pavelic, Paul; Smakhtin, Vladimir. 2013.
Predicting groundwater recharge in Ghana by estimating evapotranspiration.
Water International,
38(4):408-432. (Special issue on quot;Sustainable groundwater development for improved livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa, Part 1quot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This study uses a modified Granger and Gray model to estimate evapotranspiration and then groundwater recharge in Ghana. The overall results show that the model is capable of reliably predicting regional evapotranspiration using a small number of monitoring stations with meteorological data only. This information allows the estimation of groundwater recharge via the water balance equation. The results indicate that the aquifer system is sufficiently recharged, especially in northern Ghana, where dry conditions prevail, to allow the development of groundwater resources to satisfy increasing water demands.
Land use / Runoff / Rain / Models / River basins / Evapotranspiration / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater development
Record No:H046064
Katic, Pamela G.; Namara, Regassa E.; Hope, Lesley; Owusu, E.; Fujii, H. 2013.
Rice and irrigation in West Africa: achieving food security with agricultural water management strategies.
Water Resources and Economics,
1:75-92.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
West Africaapos;s rice imports currently satisfy 70% of the soaring local demand, worsening the food vulnerability of an increasingly urbanized population. Despite considerable rice-growing potential, lack of water control systems, access to improved seeds, agrochemicals and appropriate mechanization have resulted in modest production growth rates, unable to alter the regionapos;s dependency on imported rice. Governments aim to boost production with import duties and input subsidies. However, questions remain as to whether these policies enable the rice sector to respond to changing consumers preferences for high grade rice and to contribute to national economic growth. We present the results from a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) on rice production in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Niger and under three water management systems: irrigation (public scheme), supplemented rain-fed (rainfall aided by autonomously-sourced water supplies) and purely rain-fed. Our results show that policy interventions in these West African countries (i.e., input subsidies and import taxes) did not significantly enhance the profitability of rice production to farmers due to the effect of market failures (limited capital access and non-competitive market for rice) and the low quality of local milled rice. The PAM results point strongly to the importance of improving rice quality and yields through more efficient water management and post-harvest handling/processing and targeted breeding to match consumersapos; preferences.
Farmers / Costs / Indicators / Policy / Economic growth / Irrigation schemes / Irrigated farming / Food security / Profitability / Yields / Rice / Water management
Record No:H046024
Asem-Hiablie, S.; Church, C. D.; Elliott, H. A.; Shappell, N. W.; Schoenfuss, H. L.; Drechsel, Pay; Williams, C. F.; Knopf, A.; Dabie, M. Y. 2013.
Serum estrogenicity and biological responses in African catfish raised in wastewater ponds in Ghana.
Science of the Total Environment,
463-464:1182-1191.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Reuse of wastewater for aquaculture improves the efficient use of water and promotes sustainability but the potential effects of endocrine disrupting compounds including estrogens in wastewater is an emerging challenge that needs to be addressed. We examined the biological effects of wastewater-borne estrogens on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) raised in a wastewater stabilization pond (WSP) of a functioning municipal wastewater treatment plant, a wastewater polishing pond (WWP) of a dysfunctional treatment plant, and a reference pond (RP) unimpacted by wastewater, located in Ghana. Measurements of estrogen concentrations in pond water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry showed mean 17 -estradiol concentrations were higher in the wastewater ponds (WWP, 6.6 ng/L 2.7 ng/L; WSP, 4.9 ng/L 1.0) than the reference (RP, 3.4 1.1 ng/L). Estrone concentrations were found to be highest in the WSP (7.8 ng/L 1.7) and lowest in the WWP (2.2 ng/L 2.4) with the RP intermediate (4.7 5.0). Fish serum estrogenicity assayed by ESCREEN was significantly higher in female vs. male catfish in the RP and WSP but not in the WWP (p = 0.05). Histological examination of liver and gonad tissue showed no apparent signs of intersex or pathology in any ponds. The similarities in various measures of body indices between fish of this study and African catfish from other freshwater systems suggest that aquaculture may be a suitable reuse option for treated municipal wastewater.
Histology / Statistical analysis / Serum / Fish / Aquaculture / Estrogens / Chemical composition / Indicators / Ponds / Wastewater treatment / Effluents / Water reuse / Wastewater
Record No:H046017
Drechsel, Pay; Karg, H. 2013.
Motivating behaviour change for safe wastewater irrigation in urban and peri-urban Ghana.
Sustainable Sanitation Practice,
16:10-20.
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Where wastewater is used without appropriate treatment, additional safety measures such as safer irrigation practices or careful vegetable washing are required to protect farmers and consumers. Implementing such food safety interventions in the informal farming sector is not easy, as they require behaviour change. Even where appropriate and low-cost interventions have been identified, low health risk awareness is a likely adoption barrier. Where this also concerns consumers, market demand for safer crops will be low and social marketing options have to be explored to support the desired behaviour change. Based on experiences from Ghana, where wastewater irrigation is an unplanned reality in and around all cities, the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework which is based on social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and supporting regulations. Any of these approaches require accompanying research of the target groups and could gain in cost-effectiveness through a more integrated approach linking e.g. handwash and vegetable washing campaigns.
Farmers / Food safety / Vegetables / Social aspects / Public health / Health hazards / Periurban areas / Urban areas / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H045992
Boelee, Eline; Yohannes, M.; Poda, J.-N.; McCartney, Matthew; Hagos, Fitsum; Cecchi, P.; Kibret, S.; Laamrani, H. 2013.
Options for water storage and rainwater harvesting to improve health and resilience against climate change in Africa.
Regional Environmental Change,
13(3):509-519.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
West and East Africa experience high variability of rainfall that is expected to increase with climate change. This results in uctuations in water availability for food production and other socioeconomic activities. Water harvesting and storage can mitigate the adverse effects of rainfall variability. But past studies have shown that when investments in water storage are not guided by environmental health considerations, the increased availability of open water surface may increase the transmission of waterrelated diseases. This is demonstrated for schistosomiasis associated with small reservoirs in Burkina Faso, and for malaria in Ethiopia around large dams, small dams, and water harvesting ponds. The concern is that the rush to develop water harvesting and storage for climate change adaptation may increase the risk for already vulnerable people, in some cases more than canceling out the bene ts of greater water availability. Taking health issues into account in a participatory approach to planning, design, and management of rainwater harvesting and water storage, as well as considering the full range of water storage options would enable better opportunities for enhancing resilience against climate change in vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
Households / Malaria / Impact assessment / Health hazards / Reservoirs / Adaptation / Climate change / Water harvesting / Rainwater / Water storage
Record No:H045896
Sood, Aditya; Muthuwatta, Lal; McCartney, Matthew. 2013.
A SWAT evaluation of the effect of climate change on the hydrology of the Volta River Basin.
Water International,
38(3):297-311.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to evaluate the impacts of a climate scenario based on IPCC A1B emissions on flows in the Volta River basin in West Africa for 20212050 and 20712100, using 19832012 as the reference period. Overall, the simulation indicates increased variability and a decrease of up to 40% in river flow as a consequence of decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature. In particular, the analysis shows smaller absolute but greater relative changes in the hydrology of the northern (upper) part of the basin, particularly at the end of the century.
Statistical methods / Models / Calibration / Reservoirs / Weather data / Water storage / Groundwater recharge / Water yield / Flow discharge / River basins / Hydrology / Temperature / Rain / Climate change
Record No:H045833
Drechsel, Pay; Hope, Lesley; Cofie, Olufunke. 2013.
Gender mainstreaming: who wins?: gender and irrigated urban vegetable production in West Africa.
wH2O: Journal of Gender and Water,
2(1):15-17.
Keywords / Abstract
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Gender roles in agriculture can be quite specific, not only in view of particular labor inputs during the production cycle but also in terms of who farms and who trades certain crops. Using data collected over ten years in West Africa, this study looked at market-oriented urban vegetable production in West Africa and Ghana in particular. Gender disaggregated data on key issues such as access and control of resources, division of tasks, decision-making process and challenges faced was collected from farmers and traders. With several exceptions, a clear gender distinction emerged across the sub-region: men dominate urban vegetable farming, while women manage vegetable marketing. The general differentiation is attributed to societal norms, but other factors play a role as well. Female farmers, for example, feel constrained by existing irrigation practices that are energy-intensive and conflict with household duties. Male farmers, on the other hand, feel significantly oppressed by their dependency on credit and prices dictated by market women, and feel disadvantaged when entering the vegetable retail market. Improved irrigation technology could facilitate a better gender balance on the farm, but mainstreaming gender balance in vegetable wholesale and retail is likely to disadvantage women.
Case studies / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming / Gender
Record No:H045816
Seidu, R.; Lofman, O.; Drechsel, Pay; Stenstrom, T. A. 2013.
Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal disease incidence in faecal sludge-applying farmers’ households in Tamale, Ghana.
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development,
3(2):134-143.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This study assesses the effect of risk factors and their inter-related mediation on diarrhoeal disease incidence in households applying faecal sludge in agricultural fields in Tamale, Ghana. Risk factors were assigned to three inter-related blocks: distal socio-economic, proximal public and domestic domains. The study involved 1,431 individuals living in 165 faecal sludge-applying households followed bi-weekly for 12 months. The incidence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the sludge-applying households was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.781.23) diarrhoeal episodes per person year at risk. Risk factors for diarrhoeal disease transmission in the public domain included sludge drying time (population attributable fraction (PAF) of 6%) and distance covered to collect water (PAF¼ 18%). The main distal socio-economic risk factor was wealth status (PAF¼ 15%). In the domestic domain, the risk factor significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease transmission was, not washing hands with soap after defecation (PAF ¼ 18%). About 17% of the effect of sludge drying time (including distance to water facilities) was mediated by the domestic domain risk factors. The study recommends risk management strategies in sludge-applying households that address public and domestic domain risk factors in addition to specific farm level interventions.
Socioeconomic environment / Statistical analysis / Farmers / Households / Risk analysis / Diarrhoea / Agriculture / Excreta / Sewage sludge
Record No:H045758
Machdar, E.; van der Steen, N. P.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Lens, P. N. L. 2013.
Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana.
Science of the Total Environment,
449(1):134-142.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
In Accra, Ghana, a majority of inhabitants lives in over-crowded areas with limited access to piped water supply, which is often also intermittent. This study assessed in a densely populated area the risk from microbial contamination of various sources of drinking water, by conducting a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) to estimate the risk to human health from microorganism exposure and doseresponse relationships. Furthermore the cost-effectiveness in reducing the disease burden through targeted interventions was evaluated. Five risk pathways for drinking water were identified through a survey (110 families), namely household storage, private yard taps, communal taps, communal wells and water sachets. Samples from each source were analyzed for Escherichia coli and Ascaris contamination. Published ratios between E. coli and other pathogenswere used for theQMRA and disease burden calculations. The major part of the burden of disease originated from E. coli O157:H7 (78%) and the least important contributor was Cryptosporidium (0.01%). Other pathogens contributed 16% (Campylobacter), 5% (Rotavirus) and 0.3% (Ascaris). The sum of the disease burden of these pathogens was 0.5 DALYs per person per year, which is much higher than the WHO reference level. The major contamination pathway was found to be household storage. Disinfection of water at household level was the most cost-effective intervention (b5 USD/DALY-averted) togetherwith hygiene education.Water supply network improvements were significantly less cost-effective.
Escherichia coli / Cost effectiveness analysis / Income / Households / Waterborne diseases / Water supply / Risk assessment / Biological contamination / Public health / Water quality / Drinking water
Record No:H045708
Forkuor, Gerald; Pavelic, Paul; Asare, E.; Obuobie, E. 2013.
Modelling potential areas of groundwater development for agriculture in northern Ghana using GIS/RS.
Hydrological Sciences Journal,
58(2):437-451.
[DOI]
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Groundwater development potential in northern Ghana (108 671 km2) has been assessed by combining spatial layers for five critical factorsrecharge rate, regolith thickness, transmissivity, borehole success rate and static water levelthrough a multi-criteria analysis approach to rank development potential from the viewpoint of groundwater availability and accessibility at a resolution of 1 km2. The results indicate a high potential for development in the study area, as about 70% of the area was found to have high to moderate groundwater availability, while 83% has high to medium groundwater accessibility. Comparing the two main hydrogeological environments, the Precambrian Basement rocks (PCB) area was found to generally have a higher groundwater development potential than the Voltaian Sedimentary rocks (VSB). More detailed investigation revealed that the VSB can produce a small proportion of exceptionally high-yielding boreholes that can support large-scale irrigation. A test of the reliability of results showed that generally, the majority of high- and low-yielding boreholes fall in areas predicted by the model as having high and low groundwater availability, respectively.
Maps / Hydrogeology / Aquifers / Recharge / Sedimentary materials / Models / Remote sensing / GIS / Agriculture / Water levels / Water availability / Groundwater development
Record No:H045707
Masoud, J.; Agyare, W. A.; Forkuor, Gerald; Namara, Regassa; Ofori, E. 2013.
Modeling inland valley suitability for rice cultivation.
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
8(1):9-19.
Keywords / Abstract
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The demand for rice (Oryza sativa) in Ghana is increasing at a rate of 11.8% from 939, 920 t in 2010. Though there has been some increase in production it does not match the increase in consumption. This study seeks to determine the most suitable areas for inland valley rice cultivation using computer based models for selected sites (15km by 15km) in the Brong Ahafo Region (BAR) and Western Region (WR) of Ghana. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by excluding the least contributing parameters and varying their weights to determine highly suitable areas. Finally, 12 most sensitive input parameters were identified from the original 22. These were used to model for five suitability classes (highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable). The model results based on parameters having equal weights showed that 0.5% and 11.8% (BAR); and 1.4% and 21.4% (WR) of the area were highly suitable and suitable respectively. Using unequal weights, 0.8% and 7.6% (BAR); and 0.9% and 13.6% (WR) of the area were highly suitable and suitable, respectively. The study successfully mapped out suitable areas for rice cultivation using spatial models based on limited data set, which can be adopted for use elsewhere.
Land tenure / Soil fertility / Rain / Models / Sensitivity analysis / Rice / Valleys
Record No:H045625
Nikiema, Josiane; Figoli, A.; Weissenbacher, N.; Langergraber, G.; Marrot, B.; Moulin, P. 2013.
Wastewater treatment practices in Africa - experiences from seven countries.
Sustainable Sanitation Practice,
14(January):26-34. (Selected contributions from the 1st WATERBIOTECH conference, Cairo, Egypt, 9-11 October 2012).
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In this paper, existing wastewater treatment practices in 7 African countries, i.e. Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia, are reported. Data were collected by questioning wastewater treatment plants managers as well as treated wastewater users in 2012. This study showed that 0.2 to 63 L/d/person of wastewater are treated in these countries, with the higher levels obtained for North Africa. Technically, treatment plants (mostly activated sludge and waste stabilization ponds) deal with high organic loads, uncontrolled input, power cuts and increasing wastewater flow rates. Poor operation and maintenance (Oamp;M), in part caused by the lack of funds, high energy costs and lack of re-investments, is also a serious reported issue. Consequently, treatment plants often deliver insufficient effluent quality, which negatively affects the environment and acceptability of stakeholders towards the treated water. Other challenges, such as water availability, long-term impacts, financial and social constraints, affecting the reuse, are also discussed.
Sanitation / Ponds / Sewage sludge / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater management
Record No:H045621
Weissenbacher, N.; Nikiema, Josiane; Garfi, M.; Figoli, A. 2013.
What do we require from water biotechnologies in Africa?
Sustainable Sanitation Practice,
14(January):35-40. (Selected contributions from the 1st WATERBIOTECH conference, Cairo, Egypt, 9-11 October 2012).
Keywords / Abstract
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When discussing water and sanitation issues, technology is often seen as the key element by many stakeholders. Within a multinational project, the opportunity was taken to analyse the experiences with the existing water infrastructure to look behind this assumption and if not working satisfactory to identify the key requirements that obviously have not been met. Following this, it should be possible to prepare a set of requirements to learn from this. A three stage questionnaire for different stakeholder level (authorities, operators and end users) has been launched in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Some main obstacles towards sustainable biological wastewater treatment could then be identified. The reader expecting specific technical suggestions might be disappointed but the key messages that are relevant for all the different conditions of the four North African and the three Sub Saharan countries are presented. The given requirements tackle issues that are unfortunately not only of technical nature and are (almost) all linked to each other.
Energy demand / Sanitation / Urine / Biotechnology / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H045620
Keraita, Bernard; Jensen, P. K. M.; Konradsen, F.; Akple, M.; Rheinlander, T. 2013.
Accelerating uptake of household latrines in rural communities in the Volta Region of Ghana.
Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development,
(1(1):26-34.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This study was done in four rural communities in Ghana to assess uptake of household latrines. A total of 156 household interviews, 16 focus group discussions and 8 in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted. Study findings show that only 8.5% of households were using improved sanitation facilities with more than 75% of the households relying on open defecation and communal trench latrines. Knowledge of technological options was very limited and the cost for preferred latrines was unaffordable. Though health-related benefits motivated household latrine uptake, those related to personal security, privacy, social status and convenience were ranked higher. Sanitation uptake was constrained mainly by finances, poor sanitation promotion and general biophysical factors. High costs of latrine construction could be reduced by introducing cheaper technological options, using low-cost construction materials and labor contributions from households. Financing models like microcredit financing can also be explored and adapted for use in Ghana. We recommend the use of approaches aimed at behavior change while giving households a range of technological options such as community led total sanitation (CLTS). Hence, despite the low coverage of improved sanitation in rural Ghana, there exist real opportunities to accelerate sanitation uptake.
Financing / Surveys / Organizations / Rural communities / Sanitation / Latrines / Households
Record No:H045618
Venot, Jean-Philippe; Clement, Floriane. 2013.
Justice in development?: an analysis of water interventions in the rural south.
Natural Resources Forum,
37(1):19-30.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This paper explores a fruitful convergence between the distributive and procedural dimensions of environmental justice theory and current debates in the field of development studies over capitals and capabilities, institutions, and discourse formation to shed new light on natural resource management projects in the developing world. Specifically, we document the planning and implementation of two types of water interventions in two contrasting regions: watershed development programmes in northeast India and small reservoirs in sub-Saharan West Africa.We find that there is a contradiction between the inherently political nature of water interventions and the fact that such projects remain grounded in apolitical, technical and managerial narratives. In contrast to the new semantic of development, this depoliticization results in the near absence of attention paid to procedural (participation and empowerment) and distributive (equity) justice concerns and in local actors having to revert to covert ways to achieve their ends. A constructive dialogue between development studies and environmental justice scholars can offer a fresh look on the society-environment nexus in the developing world.
Developing countries / Watershed management / Reservoirs / Institutions / Water user associations / Water resources / Environmental effects / Natural resources management
Record No:H045603
Gumma, M. K.; Pavelic, Paul. 2013.
Mapping of groundwater potential zones across Ghana using remote sensing, geographic information systems, and spatial modeling.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
185(4):3561-3579.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Groundwater development across much of sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by a lack of knowledge on the suitability of aquifers for borehole construction. The main objective of this study was to map groundwater potential at the country-scale for Ghana to identify locations for developing new supplies that could be used for a range of purposes. Groundwater potential zones were delineated using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques drawing from a database that includes climate, geology, and satellite data. Subjective scores and weights were assigned to each of seven key spatial data layers and integrated to identify groundwater potential according to five categories ranging from very good to very poor derived from the total percentage score. From this analysis, areas of very good groundwater potential are estimated to cover 689,680 ha (2.9 % of the country), good potential 5,158,955 ha (21.6 %), moderate potential 10,898,140 ha (45.6 %), and poor/very poor potential 7,167,713 ha (30 %). The results were independently tested against borehole yield data (2,650 measurements) which conformed to the anticipated trend between groundwater potential and borehole yield. The satisfactory delineation of groundwater potential zones through spatial modeling suggests that groundwater development should first focus on areas of the highest potential. This study demonstrates the importance of remote sensing and GIS techniques in mapping groundwater potential at the country-scale and suggests that similar methods could be applied across other African countries and regions.
Soils / Land use / Drainage systems / Geomorphology / Rain / Aquifers / Models / Remote sensing / GIS / Groundwater development / Groundwater potential
Record No:H045030
Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013.
Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana.
Paper presented at the 36th WEDC [Water, Engineering and Development Centre] International Conference on Delivering Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in an Uncertain Environment, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. 5p.
Keywords
Fertilizers / Nutrients / Composts / Case studies / Developing countries / Environmental health / Sanitation / Faeces / Organic wastes / Urban wastes / Waste management
Record No:H046059
Pradhan, Surendra K.; Opuni, S. C.; Fosu, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2013.
Municipal organic waste management: challenges and opportunities in Tamale, Ghana. [Abstract only].
In Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). Delivering water, sanitation and hygiene services in an uncertain environment: preprints of the 36th WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 1-5 July 2013. Abstracts of papers. Leicestershire, UK: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC); Leicestershire, UK: Loughborough University. pp.72.
Keywords
Environmental health / Sanitation / Faeces / Organic wastes / Urban wastes / Waste management
Record No:H046002
Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. 2013.
Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa.
Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan 281p.
Keywords
Vegetation / Soil fertility / Flood control / Natural resources / Ecosystems / River basin development / Water management / Livestock / Fisheries / Farmers / Rice / Agriculture / Governance / Institutions / Case studies / Sustainable livelihoods / Catchment areas / Wetlands
Record No:H045895
Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. 2013.
Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa.
Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan 281p.
Keywords
Vegetation / Soil fertility / Flood control / Natural resources / Ecosystems / River basin development / Water management / Livestock / Fisheries / Farmers / Rice / Agriculture / Governance / Institutions / Case studies / Sustainable livelihoods / Catchment areas / Wetlands
Record No:H045883
Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon; Musayev, Sardorbek. 2013.
Is it possible to shift to hydrological boundaries?: the Ferghana Valley meshed system.
In Stucki, V.; Wegerich, Kai; Rahaman, M. M.; Varis, O. (Eds.). Water and security in Central Asia: solving a Rubikapos;s Cube. London, UK: Routledge. pp.151-170.
(Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
Keywords / Abstract
The management of water resources according to hydrological boundaries at different implementation levels (river basin, irrigation system, or water user association) is promoted internationally. This approach to water management, especially for the basin, is starting to be challenged from different perspectives: representation within basins. appropriateness for basins in the south, and the challenges of merging boundaries for surface and groundwater sources. It has been challenged only recently in relation to its appropriateness for indigenously constructed (informal) irrigation systems. To these critiques, this paper adds the historical development and originally intended purpose of engineered irrigation systems and therefore calls into question whether it is always possible to introduce hydrological boundary management in the formal systems in Central Asia.
Case studies / Valleys / Irrigation systems / River basins / Hydrological factors / Water user associations / Water use / Water management
Record No:H046080
Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Kabilov, Firdavs; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon. 2013.
Meso-level cooperation on transboundary tributaries and infrastructure in the Ferghana Valley.
In Stucki, V.; Wegerich, Kai; Rahaman, M. M.; Varis, O. (Eds.). Water and security in Central Asia: solving a Rubikapos;s Cube. London, UK: Routledge. pp.131-149.
(Routledge Special Issues on Water Policy and Governance)
Keywords / Abstract
The river basin management approach in the Syr Darya basin fragmented after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, this approach had already created dependencies between riparian states such as transboundary water control infrastructure. At the national level, these states hardly cooperate, but at the province and district level, especially in the Ferghana Valley, which is shared by Kyrgyzstan., Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, cooperation continues. This paper analyzes transboundary cooperation in the Ferghana Valley. On the periphery, conflict and cooperation still take place on both water management infrastructure and water sharing. The greatest hindrance to cooperation- border control -is outside the realm at water management, but is key given the property rights to water management infrastructure in the neighboring riparian states.
Pumps / Case studies / River basin management / Valleys / Cooperation / Conflict / Agreements / Water sharing / International waters / Infrastructure / Water management
Record No:H046079
Bird, Jeremy. 2013.
Water security and climate change challenges in developing countries.
In Brittlebank, W.; Saunders, J. (Eds.). Climate action 2013-2014. [Produced for COP19 - United Nations Climate Change Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 11-22 November 2013]. London, UK: Climate Action; Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp.145-148.
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Case studies / Dams / River basins / Living standards / Farmers / Agricultural sector / Models / Rain / Development projects / Developing countries / Climate change / Water power / Water storage / Water management / Water security
Record No:H047240
Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. 2013.
People-centred wetland management.
In Wood, A.; Dixon, A.; McCartney, Matthew. (Eds.). Wetland management and sustainable livelihoods in Africa. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan. pp.1-42.
Keywords
Poverty / Sustainable development / Economic aspects / Rice / Agriculture / Living standards / Ecosystems / Public participation / Wetlands
Record No:H045884
Evans, Alexandra E. V.; Giordano, Meredith; Clayton, Terry. 2012.
Investir dans la gestion de l’eau en agriculture au profit des petits exploitants agricoles du Burkina Faso. Rapport national de synthese du projet AgWater Solutions. In French.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 24p. (Also in English).
(IWMI Working Paper 149; Document de travail IWMI 149)
[DOI]
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Le projet AgWater Solutions, mis a execution entre 2009 et 2012, sapos;est interesse a la resolution des problmes dapos;eau auxquels sont confrontes les petits exploitants agricoles. Le projet a examine les solutions existantes de Gestion de lapos;eau en agriculture (GEA), ainsi que les facteurs qui influent sur leur adoption et lapos;elargissement de leur utilisation. Son objectif etait de definir les opportunites dapos;investissement dans la GEA les plus prometteuses pour ameliorer les revenus et la securite alimentaire des agriculteurs pauvres. Les travaux ont ete entrepris dans plusieurs pays africains, Burkina Faso, Ethiopie, Ghana, Tanzanie et Zambie, et dans les etats indiens du Madhya Pradesh et du Bengale occidental. Ce document de travail resume les resultats et recommandations decoulant des recherches menees dans chacun de ces pays et etats.
Stakeholders / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Assessment / Environmental effects / Social aspects / Reservoirs / Watersheds / Vegetable growing / Dry season / Water storage / Surface water / Farmers / Smallholders / Research projects / Investment / Agricultural production / Water management
Record No:H045324
Evans, Alexandra E. V.; Giordano, Meredith; Clayton, Terry. 2012.
Investing in agricultural water management to benefit smallholder farmers in Burkina Faso. AgWater Solutions Project country synthesis report.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 22p. (Also in French).
(IWMI Working Paper 149)
[DOI]
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The AgWater Solutions Project, carried out between 2009 and 2012, focused on resolving water issues faced by smallholder farmers. The project examined existing Agricultural Water Management (AWM) solutions, together with factors that influence their adoption and scaling up. The project aimed to identify investment opportunities in AWM that have high potential to improve the incomes and food security of poor farmers. The work was undertaken in the African countries of Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia, and in the Indian States of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. This Working Paper series summarizes results and recommendations from the research carried out in each of these countries and states.
Stakeholders / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Assessment / Environmental effects / Social aspects / Reservoirs / Watersheds / Vegetable growing / Dry season / Water storage / Surface water / Farmers / Smallholders / Research projects / Investment / Agricultural production / Water management
Record No:H045183
Evans, Alexandra E. V.; Giordano, Meredith; Clayton, Terry. 2012.
Investing in agricultural water management to benefit smallholder farmers in Ghana. AgWater Solutions Project country synthesis report.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 29p.
(IWMI Working Paper 147)
[DOI]
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The AgWater Solutions Project, carried out between 2009 and 2012, focused on resolving water issues faced by smallholder farmers. The project examined existing Agricultural Water Management (AWM) solutions, together with factors that influence their adoption and scaling up. The project aimed to identify investment opportunities in AWM that have high potential to improve the incomes and food security of poor farmers. The work was undertaken in the African countries of Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania and Zambia, and in the Indian States of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. This Working Paper series summarizes results and recommendations from the research carried out in each of these countries and states.
Gender / Reservoirs / Technology / Water lifting / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Groundwater irrigation / Farmers / Smallholders / Research projects / Cost benefit analysis / Investment / Rice / Agricultural production / Water management
Record No:H045179
Nutsukpo, D.; Amoah, Philip. 2012.
National report of Ghana.
In Ardakanian, R.; Sewilam, H.; Liebe, J. (Eds.). Mid-term-proceedings on capacity development for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture: a collaboration of UN-Water members and partners - FAO, WHO, UNEP, UNU-INWEH, UNW-DPC, ICID, IWMI. [Project report]. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University. UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC). pp.77-95.
(UNW-DPC Proceedings Series No. 8)
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Economic aspects / Environmental effects / Social aspects / Crop production / Government agencies / Organizations / Policy / Irrigation water / Assessment / Health hazards / Sanitation / Water use / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / Waste management / Periurban areas / Urban areas / Population growth
Record No:H045573
van Koppen, Barbara; Smits, S. 2012.
Multiple use water services: scoping study synthesis. Final report [MUS project].
: Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 59p.
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Funding / Sanitation / Models / Non governmental organizations / Poverty / Communities / Urban areas / Periurban areas / Equity / Irrigation development / Drinking water / Water quality / Water allocation / Water resources / Water management / Research projects / Multiple use
Record No:H045518
Adeoti, A. I.; Cofie, Olufunke; Oladele, O. I. 2012.
Gender analysis of the contribution of urban agriculture to sustainable livelihoods in Accra, Ghana.
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,
36(2):236-248.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This article examines the sustainability of livelihoods through urban agriculture (UA): gender dimensions in Accra, Ghana. The population used for the study was the vegetable producers within and around Accra, Ghana. A mix of sampling techniques was followed in choosing UA producers. While a random sampling technique was employed in choosing male UA producers, all female producers who were willing to be interviewed were chosen. In all, 92 male producers and 8 female producers gave consistent responses that were analyzed. The results show that the mean age for male producers is 39.4 years. Female producers are more elderly with a mean age of 49.8 years. The mean year of schooling is 6.4 years for male producers and 7.1 years for female producers. While all the households are involved in irrigated farming, only 13% male and 25% female managed farms practiced irrigated farming alone. The majority of the male and female farmers indicated that high contribution of urban agriculture to their livelihoods. Farm size and access to credit were significant determinants of income from urban agriculture among the respondents.
Policy / Food security / Income / Households / Organizations / Socioeconomic environment / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture / Farmers / Gender
Record No:H045508
AdeOluwa, O. O.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2012.
Urine as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture: effects in amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus) production.
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,
27(4):287-294.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Crop production in most developing countries is faced with a dearth of resources for optimum production of which fertilizer is one. The use of human urine as well as its mixture with compost are potential solutions to this problem. Thus, this report investigated the influence of human urine and its combination with compost on yield and soil quality of land under green amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus). This study involved a field experiment to determine the response of green amaranths to the application of 100% urine, 2/3 urineN+1/3 compost N, 100% compost N,NPK (15:15:15) at the rate of 100kgNha-1 and control with no fertilizer treatment using farmers’ participatory approach. The vegetables produced from the experimental treatments were analyzed in the laboratory for pathogenic microbial risk as well as effects of the fertilizer on nutrient status of the experimental soils (before and after planting). Perception of farmers and consumers in the study area regarding use of urine as fertilizer for vegetable production was investigated with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The result of this investigation revealed that 100% urine resulted in 58.17 tha-1 total plant yield, while NPK 15:15:15 gave 34.34 tha-1 total plant yield in the two plantings. Microbial analysis of edible portion of vegetable from plot fertilized with urine did not reveal any significantly different pathological contamination compared to other fertilizer treatments used in this investigation. Urine treatment improved soil nutrient exchangeable cations and acidity. The perception study revealed that respondents perceived urine to be a good agricultural input that could be used as a fertilizer in vegetable crop production and there was no strong cultural norm that would prevent them using it for crop production. Vegetable consumers would also buy vegetable crops grown with urine if they are well informed about its safety for crop production. Since the use of urine as fertilizer for crop production improved amaranth’s yield and did not show any negative implication on soil environment, human urine seems to have good potential both in crop yield and acceptability by farmers and consumers.
Coliform bacteria / Soil properties / Vegetable growing / Satellite imagery / Income / Senses / Farmers / Crop production / Amaranthus / Composts / Fertilizers / Urine
Record No:H045507
Lacombe, Guillaume; McCartney, Matthew; Forkuor, Gerald. 2012.
Drying climate in Ghana over the period 19602005: evidence from the resampling-based Mann-Kendall test at local and regional levels.
Hydrological Sciences Journal,
57(8):1594-1609.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Trends in rainfall series were investigated at 16 stations in Ghana over the period 19602005. Time series were first de-correlated using an effective pre-whitening methodology and then submitted to the resamplingbased Mann-Kendall test. Field significances were assessed using the regional average Kendall statistic. Although no significant changes were observed in annual rainfall, the analysis reveals: (a) a reduction in the number of wet season days totalling less than 20 mm of rainfall, between latitudes 6 and 9.5 N; (b) a delay (about 0.5 d year-1) in the wet season onset at several locations throughout the country; and (c) a lengthening (about 0.1 d year-1) of rainless periods during the wet season in the south and centre of Ghana. All these changes, which remained insignificant at more than half of the individual stations, were found to be regionally significant at the 95% confidence level. The results highlight the importance of evaluating regional significance when investigating climate trends.
Agriculture / Water storage / Water management / Rainfall patterns / Drying / Climate change
Record No:H045155
Lente, I.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Ofosu-Anim, J.; Brimah, A. K. 2012.
Risk assessment of heavy-metal contamination on vegetables grown in long-term wastewater irrigated urban farming sites in Accra, Ghana.
Water Quality, Exposure and Health,
4(4):179-186.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Assessment was done of heavy-metal contamination and its related health risks in urban vegetable farming in Accra. Samples of irrigation water (n = 120), soil (n = 144) and five different kinds of vegetable (n = 240) were collected and analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and cobalt. All water, soil and vegetable samples contained detectable concentrations of each of the seven heavy metals except for irrigation water which had no detectable chromium, cadmium and cobalt. All heavy-metal levels were below permissible limits except lead on vegetables which was 1.83.5 times higher. Health risk assessments showed for all elements that normal consumption of each of the vegetables assessed poses no risk. The highest hazard index obtained was 42 % for wastewater irrigated cabbage. Though within permissible limits, cabbage and ayoyo had the highest potential risk. Compared with previous studies on the same sites, the data show that the risk from heavy metals is less significance than that from pathogen contamination which has positive implications for risk mitigation.
Indicators / Sampling / Public health / Wastewater irrigation / Urban agriculture / Vegetable growing / Contamination / Heavy metals / Risk assessment
Record No:H045012
Keraita, Bernard; Abaidoo, R. C.; Beernaerts, I.; Koo-Oshima, S.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Konradsen, F. 2012.
Safe re-use practices in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana.
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development (JAFSCD),
2(4):1-12.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Irrigation using untreated wastewater poses health risks to farmers and consumers of crop products, especially vegetables. With hardly any wastewater treatment in Ghana, a multiple-barrier approach was adopted and safe re-use practices were developed through action research involving a number of stakeholders at different levels along the food chain. This paper presents an overview of safe re-use practices including farm-based water treatment methods, water application techniques, post-harvest handling practices, and washing methods. The overview is based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature and our own specific studies, which used data from a broad range of research methods and approaches. Identifying, testing, and assessment of safe practices were done with the active participation of key actors using observations, extensive microbiological laboratory assessments, and field-based measurements. The results of our work and the work of others show that the practices developed had a great potential to reduce health risks, especially when used to complement each other at different levels of the food chain. Future challenges are the development of a comprehensive framework that best combines tested risk-reduction strategies for wide application by national stakeholders as well as their potential implementation into legally enforceable national standards.
Organizations / Health hazards / Vegetable growing / Urban areas / Irrigation methods / Wastewater irrigation / Water reuse
Record No:H044996
Pavelic, Paul; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Favreau, G.; Villholth, Karen G. 2012.
Water-balance approach for assessing potential for smallholder groundwater irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Water SA,
38(3): 399-406. (Special edition on International Conference on Groundwater).
[DOI]
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Strategies for increasing the development and use of groundwater for agriculture over much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are urgently needed. Expansion of small-scale groundwater irrigation offers an attractive option to smallholder farmers to overcome unreliable wet-season rainfall and enhance dry-season production. This paper presents a simple, generic groundwater-balance-based methodology that uses a set of type-curves to assist with decision making on the scope for developing sustainable groundwater irrigation supplies, and to help understand how cropping choices influence the potential areal extent of irrigation. Guidance to avoid over-exploitation of the resource is also provided. The methodology is applied to 2 sites in West Africa with contrasting climatic and subsurface conditions. At both sites the analysis reveals that there is significant potential for further groundwater development for irrigation whilst allowing provisions for other sectoral uses, including basic human needs and the environment.
Case studies / Smallholders / Resource depletion / Groundwater irrigation / Water balance
Record No:H044995
Kizito, Fred; Dragila, M. I.; Sene, M.; Brooks, J. R.; Meinzer, F. C.; Diedhiou, I.; Diouf, M.; Lufafa, A.; Dick, R. P.; Selker, J.; Cuenca, R. 2012.
Hydraulic redistribution by two semi-arid shrub species: implications for Sahelian agro-ecosystems.
Journal of Arid Environments,
83:69-77.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution is the process of passive water movement from deeper moist soil to shallower dry soil layers using plant roots as conduits. Results from this study indicate that this phenomenon exists among two shrub species (Guiera senegalensis and Piliostigma reticulatum) that co-exist with annual food crops in Sahelian agro-ecosystems. Real-time measurements were conducted for soil water content, soil water potential and microclimate variables notably; air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation and solar irradiance. Additionally, sap flow measurements were conducted in shrub roots using the thermal dissipation technique on intact and coppiced shrubs. Monthly predawn leaf water potential was measured using a portable pressure chamber. Soil water potential (Js) at the 20 cm depth declined significantly during the dry season with diel changes in Js of 0.6 to 1.1 MPa. These variations were attributed to passive water release from shrub roots resulting in overnight rewetting of drier upper soil layers. Sap flow measurements on tap and lateral shrub roots indicated daily reversals in the direction of flow. During the peak of the dry season, both positive (toward shrub) and negative (toward soil) flows were observed in lateral shrub roots with sap flow in the lateral roots frequently negative at night and rapidly becoming positive soon after sunrise. The negative sap flow at night in superficial lateral roots and the periodic positive flow in the descending tap roots were indicative of hydraulic redistribution. Hydraulic redistribution may be an important mechanism for drought stress avoidance while maintaining plant physiological functions in both shrubs and neighboring annuals in water-limited environments.
Microclimate / Food crops / Soil moisture / Soil water content / Agroecosystems
Record No:H044987
Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa. 2012.
The global commodification of wastewater.
Water International,
37(2):147-155.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
With growing scarcity and competition for water, urban wastewater is increasingly marketable because of its water and nutrient values. Commodification has implications for the current “residual” uses of wastewater (particularly by poor farmers in developing countries), for the risk of disease transmission, and for wastewater-dependent agro-ecosystems. Using examples from Pakistan, India, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mexico, and the United States, this paper contrasts commodification as it occurs in the developed and developing worlds and demonstrates the need for public information and coherent institutional frameworks, including private- and public-sector participation.
commodities / Developing countries / Public-private cooperation / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Sanitation / Sewage / Water scarcity / Water supply / Urban areas / Water rates / Water reuse / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater management
Record No:H044979
Williams, Timothy Olalekan; Gyampoh, Benjamin; Kizito, Fred; Namara, Regassa. 2012.
Water implications of large-scale land acquisitions in Ghana.
Water Alternatives,
5(2):243-265.
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This paper examines the water dimensions of recent large-scale land acquisitions for biofuel production in the Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo and Northern regions of Ghana. Using secondary sources of data complemented by individual and group interviews, the paper reveals an almost universal lack of consideration of the implications of large-scale land deals for crop water requirements, the ecological functions of freshwater ecosystems and water rights of local smallholder farmers and other users. It documents the factors responsible for this apparent oversight including the multiplicity of land and water governance systems, sharp sectoral boundaries between land and water policies, property rights and institutions, outdated statutes, poorly resourced and ineffective regulatory agencies, and unequal power relations in land acquisition deals. The paper shows that due to a lack of an approach that jointly considers land and water management policies and institutions in acceding to large-scale land deals, the benefits derived by local people were insufficient to cover the involuntary permanent loss of their water rights and livelihoods and the risks posed to ecosystem services. Options for establishing alternative institutional arrangements that will allow water availability, use and management as well as social and environmental standards to be factored, ex ante, into large-scale land deals are explored. The paper offers recommendations which can help the government to achieve its stated objective of developing a quot;policy framework and guidelines for large-scale land acquisitions by both local and foreign investors for biofuels that will protect the interests of investors and the welfare of Ghanaian farmers and landownersquot;.
Corporate culture / Institutions / Ecology / Sociology / Foreign investment / Water rights / Water governance / Biofuels / Property rights / Land policies / Land acquisitions / Land ownership
Record No:H044917
Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon; Musayev, Sardorbek. 2012.
Is it possible to shift to hydrological boundaries?: the Ferghana Valley meshed system.
International Journal of Water Resources Development,
28(3):545-564.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The management of water resources according to hydrological boundaries at different implementation levels (river basin, irrigation system, or water user association) is promoted internationally. This approach to water management, especially for the basin, is starting to be challenged from different perspectives: representation within basins, appropriateness for basins in the south, and the challenges of merging boundaries for surface and groundwater sources. It has been challenged only recently in relation to its appropriateness for indigenously constructed (informal) irrigation systems. To these critiques, this paper adds the historical development and originally intended purpose of engineered irrigation systems and therefore calls into question whether it is always possible to introduce hydrological boundary management in the formal systems in CentralAsia.
Valleys / Catchment areas / Water user associations / Maps / Case studies / River basins / Irrigation systems / Hydrology / Water management
Record No:H044914
Wegerich, Kai; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Kabilov, Firdavs; Mukhamedova, Nozilakhon. 2012.
Meso-level cooperation on transboundary tributaries and infrastructure in the Ferghana Valley.
International Journal of Water Resources Development,
28(3):525-543.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The river basin management approach in the Syr Darya basin fragmented after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, this approach had already created dependencies between riparian states, such as transboundary water control infrastructure. At the national level, these states hardly cooperate, but at the province and district level, especially in the Ferghana Valley, which is shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, cooperation continues. This paper analyzes transboundary cooperation in the Ferghana Valley. On the periphery, con ict and cooperation still take place on both water management infrastructure and water sharing. The greatest hindrance to cooperationborder controlis outside the realm of water management, but is key given the property rights to water management infrastructure in the neighbouring riparian states.
Pumping / Case studies / Agreements / International cooperation / International waters / Valleys / Water management / River basin management
Record No:H044913
Sengupta, M. E.; Keraita, Bernard; Olsen, A.; Boateng, Osei K.; Thamsborg, S. M.; Palsdottir, G. R.; Dalsgaard, A. 2012.
Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water.
Water Research,
46(11):3646-3656.
[DOI]
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Water from wastewater-polluted streams and dug-outs is the most commonly used water source for irrigation in urban farming in Ghana, but helminth parasite eggs in the water represent health risks when used for crop production. Conventional water treatment is expensive, requires advanced technology and often breaks down in less developed countries so low cost interventions are needed. Field and laboratory based trials were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extracts in reducing helminh eggs and turbidity in irrigation water, turbid water, wastewater and tap water. In medium to high turbid water MO extracts were effective in reducing the number of helminth eggs by 94e99.5% to 1e2 eggs per litre and the turbidity to 7e11 NTU which is an 85e96% reduction. MO is readily available in many tropical countries and can be used by farmers to treat high turbid water for irrigation, however, additional improvements of water quality, e.g. by sand filtration, is suggested to meet the guideline value of 1 helminth egg per litre and a turbidity of 2 NTU as recommended by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water intended for irrigation. A positive correlation was established between reduction in turbidity and helminth eggs in irrigation water, turbid water and wastewater treated with MO. This indicates that helminth eggs attach to suspended particles and/or flocs facilitated by MO in the water, and that turbidity and helminth eggs are reduced with the settling flocs. However, more experiments with water samples containing naturally occurring helminth eggs are needed to establish whether turbidity can be used as a proxy for helminth eggs.
Statistical methods / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture / Turbidity / Helminths / Moringa oleifera / Wastewater / Irrigation water
Record No:H044902
Dawuni, B. N.; Namara, Regassa; Kizito, Fred; Fujii, H. 2012.
Evaluation of surface water availability for inland valleys rice production: the case of Mankran Watershed in a deciduous forest zone of Ghana.
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering,
1(2B):250-259.
Keywords / Abstract
In Ghana, inland valleys have been found to be suitable for rice cultivation and could potentially increase lowland paddy rice production. This study estimated the temporal variations of surface water resources and their spatial distribution in the Mankran watershed of Ghana through the collection of recorded hydro-meteorological data in the bench mark watershed from 1998 to 2010. Since most inland valley rice cultivation highly depends on rainfall, the watershed precipitation data over a decadal period showed sufficient wet years with a potential to sustain a high cultivation of paddy rice. Peak wetness occurred in June and October over a bi-modal precipitation pattern. Rating curve data for the Mankran-kesse river-up stream depicted generally low discharge values despite having a higher stream order suggesting that stream order alone is not sufficient to estimate water resources potential. It was presumed that the geomorphology and lithology of the highly porous river bed and the presence of high sub-surface water resources stored in this zone may be implicated for this observation. Provision of water storage options for zones like Kesse-upstream seems a feasible option in order to cater for supplementary irrigation while indirectly tapping on subsurface water resources stored in the porous aquifers through basin interflows. Baseflow data also showed that the discharge from upstream locations to the downstream exit of the watershed was high through direct surface river discharge and subsurface interflow. The temporal patterns of the hydrology indicate that annual paddy rice cultivation is ideal between May and October.
Flow discharge / Rivers / Rain / Forests / Watersheds / Case studies / Rice / Valleys / Water availability / Surface water
Record No:H044832
Dembele, Y.; Yacouba, H.; Keita, A.; Sally, Hilmy. 2012.
Assessment of irrigation system performance in south-western Burkina Faso.
Irrigation and Drainage,
61(3):306-315.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
A methodology for assessing irrigation system performance was developed by the then International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI, now IWMI) in the 1990s in Burkina Faso. It was applied successfully to small-scale reservoir-based irrigation schemes (50150 ha). The current study was carried out on two larger river-diversion irrigation systems in the south-west of the country, namely Valle du Kou (1200 ha) and Karfigula (350 ha), in order to analyse and verify:the applicability of the methodology to large-scale river-diversion schemes with more complex hydraulic networks and greater economic activities;the relevance of the performance indicators used and the constraints pertaining to the acquisition of the basic data required for their determination;the scope for adoption and application of the methodology by farmers’ organizations for routine performance monitoring.The methodology seems well suited for large-scale irrigation systems, but its adoption by farmers’ organizations has to be facilitated and accompanied by adequate training and the close involvement of the system managers. The indicators requiring the manipulation of a few physical elements can be determined relatively easily. Those involving water measurements are more difficult to calculate. The study makes a critical analysis of some indicators and demonstrates the evidence of the necessity to select among the indicators with regard to the irrigation system context.
Profitability / Rice / Crop production / Indicators / Performance / Assessment / Methodology / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation systems
Record No:H044384
Nikiema, Josiane; Cofie, Olufunke; Impraim, Robert; Drechsel, Pay. 2012.
Fortified excreta pellets for agriculture.
Paper presented at the Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, 29 October - 1 November 2012. 5p.
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This paper describes the pelletization process of fecal sludge-based fertilizers. The equipment used for the process was fabricated locally in Ghana. Each fertilizer product was individually used for the production of cylindrical pellets. From the current study, the binding material type (cassava starch, either pregelatinized or pretreated by gamma irradiation, or kaolin clay) and concentration (0 to 10 % in mass) as well as moisture content (20-47%) appeared to be the most critical factors during pellets production. It was noticed that the higher the binder concentration, the higher the stability of pellets. This study confirmed that cassava starch is a preferred binding material and that fixing its concentration at 1-3 % could be enough during the pelletization process. The pellets produced in this project had 7.5 to 7.7 mm in diameter, but their length distribution varied depending on the material used.
Moisture content / Clay / Cassava / Starch crops / Pellets / Irradiation / Faeces / Composts / Fertilizers / Agricultural production / Excreta
Record No:H045351
Pradhan, Surendra; Amoah, Philip; Piya, R. C.; Heinonen-Tanski, H. 2012.
Urine fertilizer for vegetable production - a case study in Nepal and Ghana.
Paper presented at the International Conference on Fecal Sludge Management (FSM2), Durban, South Africa, 29-31 October 2012. 7p.
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Eco-toilets (human urine and faecal matter collected separately) are one of the best ways to solve sanitation problem, and this practice also improves the environment and increases the food production. This study focuses on experimental demonstration of use of urine, wood ash and poultry droppings (PD) as a fertilizer in central Nepal and in Accra, Ghana. In Nepal; Fertilizer value of urine+ash was compared with animal manure and no-fertilization in the cultivation of radish, potato, broadleaf mustard, cauliflower and cabbage. The urine + ash or manure fertilized plots received 54 kgN/ha for radish, 51 kgN/ha for potato, 81 kgN/ha for broadleaf mustard and 77 kgN/ha for cabbage and cauliflower. Similarly in Ghana; urine was compared no fertilization and urine + PD (poultry dropping) was compared with NPK (mineral fertilizer)+PD as a dose of 121 kgN/ha. In Nepal; the urine+ash fertilizer produced significantly (Plt;0.05) higher broadleaf mustard biomass than obtained from animal manure and without fertilization. It was demonstrated that urine+ash can produce higher yields than manure fertilizer; the differences being gt;24 t/ha radish tuber, gt;95 kg/ha potato tuber, gt;19 t/ha cauliflower total biomass and gt;15 t/ha cabbage total biomass. In Ghana; urine produced 1.2 ton/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to no fertilization and urine+PD produced 0.82 t/ha more cabbage head biomass compared to NPK+PD. Furthermore, in Nepal; N-fertilizer value of 4 litres urine is equal to the 1 kg of dry manure and in Ghana N-fertilizer value of 2 litres of urine is equal to 1 kg of poultry droppings. In conclusion, human urine can be used as fertilizer alone or combined with wood ash and poultry droppings and this can produce similar or even more vegetable biomass than can be achieved with no fertilization, manure fertilization or NPK+PD.
Case studies / Biomass / Sanitation / Vegetable growing / Wood ash / Organic fertilizers / Faeces / Urine
Record No:H045305
Kizito, Fred; Douxchamps, Sabine; Venot, Jean-Philippe. 2012.
Resilience assessment and modeling of ecosystem services in the Volta Basin: towards plausible interventions that enhance livelihoods. [Presented at the Workshop on Safeguarding Global Food Security and Life Supporting Ecosystems]. [Abstract only].
In Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). Water and food security. Abstract volume, World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden, 26-31 August 2012. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). pp.191-192.
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Environmental effects / Vegetation / Living standards / River basins / Ecosystems
Record No:H045051
Douxchamps, Sabine; Ayantunde, A.; Barron, J. 2012.
Evolution of agricultural water management in smallholder crop-livestock systems of the Volta Basin. [Presented at the Workshop on Rainfed Production under Growing Rain Variability: Closing the Yield Gap]. [Abstract only].
In Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). Water and food security. Abstract volume, World Water Week in Stockholm, Sweden, 26-31 August 2012. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). pp.127-128.
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Investment / Livestock / Crop production / River basins / Smallholders / Technology / Water management / Agriculture
Record No:H045047
Xenarios, Stefanos; Eguavoen, I.; McCartney, Matthew. 2012.
A comparative socio-economic analysis of water storage schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Paper presented at the 2nd International Comparative Water Studies Workshop, Bonn, Germany, 20-21 January 2012. 20p.
Keywords / Abstract
The recent interest of international funding organizations for financing water storage schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa as a response to anticipated climate change has revived the debate on more appropriate methodologies for welfare assessments. Increasingly, water storage construction is moving away from single objectives like simple irrigation or hydropower production to multiple purpose systems. The inclusion of other socially and environmental related aspects like poverty alleviation and sustenance of minimum ecological services becomes a highly demanding objective for most of the donors. The multi-objective purpose of water storage questions in turn impacts the scaling of a storage scheme as well as the effectiveness of larger versus smaller technical options.The prevailing monetary assessments of direct costs and benefits appear inefficient to capture the diversity of multi-objective targets and the scaling issue by often indicating sub-optimal solutions. The current study proposes an alternative methodological approach based on an outranking methodology equipped with a set of preference conditions and weighting indices. Though based on the underlying principle of economic efficiency, the approach avoids some crucial weaknesses of the mainstream analysis by giving higher attention to a wider range of criteria. The method was tested in six case studies in Ethiopia and Ghana where representative small and large water storage types of Sub-Saharan Africa (small dams, large dams, wells, river diversion, ponds and soil moisture) were assessed in comparison to each other and then evaluated with the help of ethnographic findings.
River basins / Case studies / Socioeconomic development / Cost benefit analysis / Climate change / Water storage
Record No:H044690
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2012.
Smallholder innovation in Burkina Faso. Based on a report by Charlotte de Fraiture, Gael Ndanga Kouali, Hilmy Sally and Priva Kabre.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 2p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
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Economic aspects / Water use / Water management / Vegetable growing / Reservoirs / Smallholders
Record No:H044889
Douxchamps, Sabine; Ayantunde, A.; Barron, J. 2012.
Evolution of agricultural water management in rainfed crop-livestock systems of the Volta Basin.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) 64p.
(CPWF Research for Development (R4D) Series 4)
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Research projects / Development projects / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Political aspects / Corporate culture / Rain water management / Senses / Farmers / Livestock / Rainfed farming / Water availability / Poverty / River basins / Water productivity / Water management / Agricultural production
Record No:H045269
Pavelic, Paul; Giordano, Mark; Keraita, Bernard; Ramesh, Vidya; Rao, T. 2012.
Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 274p.
[DOI]
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Water rights / Legal aspects / Hydrogeology / Socioeconomic environment / Drainage / Costs / Pumps / Boreholes / Wells / Case studies / Livestock / Domestic consumption / Water use / Water quality / Water storage / Water availability / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater policy / Irrigated farming / Groundwater irrigation / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater potential / Groundwater development
Record No:H046186
Kizito, Fred; Williams, Timothy Olalekan; McCartney, Matthew; Erkossa, Teklu. 2012.
Green and blue water dimensions of foreign direct investment in biofuel and food production in West Africa: the case of Ghana and Mali.
In Allan, T.; Keulertz, M.; Sojamo, S.; Warner, J. (Eds.). Handbook of land and water grabs in Africa: foreign direct investment and food and water security. London, UK: Routledge. pp.337-358.
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Supplemental irrigation / Rain / Moisture / Catchment areas / Simulation models / Living standards / Case studies / Hydrological factors / Land use / Land acquisitions / Ecosystems / Water rights / Water requirements / Water availability / Foreign investment / Crops / Food production / Biofuels
Record No:H045553
Ogilvie, A.; Mahe, G.; Ward, J.; Serpantie, G.; Lemoalle, J.; Morand, P.; Barbier, B.; Diop, A. T.; Caron, A.; Namara, Regassa; Kaczan, D.; Lukasiewicz, A.; Paturel, J.-E.; Lienou, G.; Clanet, J. C. 2012.
Water, agriculture and poverty in the Niger River Basin.
In Fisher, M.; Cook, Simon (Eds.). Water, food and poverty in river basins: defining the limits. London, UK: Routledge. pp.131-159.
Keywords
Corporate culture / Fisheries / Livestock / Land tenure / Agroclimatic zones / Mapping / Rain / Water availability / Water productivity / Indicators / Living conditions / Social aspects / Poverty / Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Agricultural production / River Basins / Water management
Record No:H044842
Namara, Regassa E.; Barry, Boubacar; Owusu, Eric S.; Ogilvie, A. 2011.
An overview of the development challenges and constraints of the Niger Basin and possible intervention strategies.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 26p.
(IWMI Working Paper 144)
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
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The Niger River Basin covers 7.5% of the African continent and is shared between nine riparian countries. The human population of the basin is growing at an average annual rate of about 3%, which makes the Niger River Basin one of the areas with the highest fertility rates in the world. The desert margin is expanding; climate change is negatively impacting rainfall; and urbanization, industrialization, and the human and livestock population are threatening the quantity and quality of available water resources. The basin population already suffers from chronic poverty. Based on a literature review, this paper suggests some key water-related and other interventions that are capable of easing the basinapos;s development challenges.
Water governance / Agriculture sector / Climate change / Social aspects / Poverty / River basin development
Record No:H044299
Namara, Regassa E.; Horowitz, L.; Nyamadi, B.; Barry, Boubacar. 2011.
Irrigation development in Ghana: past experiences, emerging opportunities, and future directions.
Accra, Ghana: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Ghana Strategy Support Program (GSSP) 43p.
(GSSP Working Paper 0027)
Keywords
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(796 KB)
Constraints / Economic aspects / Vegetables / Cropping patterns / Investment / Reservoirs / Precipitation / Groundwater irrigation / Smallholders / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H043830
Amoah, Philip; Keraita, Bernard; Akple, Maxwell; Drechsel, Pay; Abaidoo, R. C.; Konradsen, F. 2011.
Low-cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 37p.
(IWMI Research Report 141)
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
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(1007.99KB)
To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetable growing / Risk management / Health hazards / Public health / Consumers / Urban agriculture
Record No:H043829
Namara, Regassa E.; Awuni, J. A.; Barry, Boubacar; Giordano, Mark; Hope, Lesley; Owusu, Eric S.; Forkuor, Gerald. 2011.
Smallholder shallow groundwater irrigation development in the upper east region of Ghana.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 35p.
(IWMI Research Report 143)
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
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(894.11KB)
In sub-Saharan Africa, there is paucity of information on the potential of groundwater resources. The limited available information paints a pessimistic view about groundwater resources. Due to its perceived inadequate availability, groundwater associated with domestic use and the potential for using it for agriculture are not well reflected in the national irrigation polices. Contrary to official pessimism, farmers do use groundwater for agriculture in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. This paper analyzes the current extent of use, economics, socioeconomic impacts, and constraints and opportunities of shallow groundwater irrigation based on the experiences of smallholders in the three micro-watersheds of the White Volta Basin in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
Households / Poverty / Food security / Crop management / Water management / Investment / Irrigated land / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Smallholders / Agronomic practices / Wells / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H044687
McCartney, Matthew; King, J. 2011.
Use of decision support systems to improve dam planning and dam operation in Africa. [Report of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food project on Improved Planning of Large Dam Operation: Using Decision Support Systems to Optimize Benefits, Safeguard Health and Protect the Environment].
Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) 74p.
(CPWF Research for Development (R4D) Series 2)
Keywords
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(2.10 MB)
Electricity generation / Irrigation / Vectorborne diseases / Health hazards / Water quality / River basins / Flow / Ecosystems / Rivers / Social aspects / Environmental effects / Decision making / Decision support systems / Water management / Dams
Record No:H043883
Smits, S.; Atengdem, J.; Darteh, B.; van Koppen, Barbara; Moriarty, P.; Nyarko, K.; Obuoubisa-Darko, A.; Ofosu, E.; Venot, Jean-Philippe; Williams, T. 2011.
Multiple use water services in Ghana scoping study.
: Pretoria, South Africa: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); New York, NY, USA: Rockefeller Foundation; Hague, Netherlands: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) 73p.
Keywords
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(1.61MB)
Policy / Water user associations / Non governmental organizations / Wells / Dams / Community management / Living standards / Costs / Investment / Models / Reservoirs / Suburban agriculture / Rural areas / Rainfed farming / Development projects / Rural development / Research projects / Water users / Water reuse / Surface water / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation water / Water supply / Domestic water / Water management / Water resources development / Multiple use
Record No:H045519
Otchere-Labri, Theophilus; Amoah, Philip. 2011.
RUAF “From Seed to Table” (FStT) Programme, January 2009 - June 2011, Anglophone, Ghana, West Africa. Final technical report submitted to ETC/RUAF, Leusden, Netherlands under the RUAF Foundation Urban Agricultural Programme.
: Accra, Ghana: International water Management Institute (IWMI); Accra, Ghana: Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) 77p.
Keywords
Indicators / Policy / Stakeholders / Institutions / Non governmental organizations / Households / Farmers / Gender / Income / Credit / Financing / Economic aspects / Food security / Poverty / Urban agriculture / Research projects
Record No:H044619
Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip. 2011.
Fecal exposure pathways in Accra: a literature review with specific focus on IWMI’s work on wastewater irrigated agriculture. Report submitted to the Centre for Global Safe Water, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 43p.
Keywords
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Urban areas / Lettuces / Vegetables / Pathogens / Hygiene / Sanitation / Diarrhoea / Health hazards / Faecal coliforms / Faeces / Irrigation water / Irrigated farming / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044338
Cofie, Olufunke; Amoah, Philip; Irene, E.; Adamtey, Noah; Fredrick, T.-L. 2011.
Demonstration on the use of urine in urban agriculture. [Report of the Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s City’s Health (SWITCH) Project].
: Delft, Netherlands: Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s City’s Health (SWITCH) Project; Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Brussels, Belgium: European Union Research Framework Programme 103p.
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This report is an output of the Sustainable Urban Water Management Improves Tomorrow s City s Health (SWITCH) demonstration project, which took place in Accra, Ghana. Accra is one of the ten (10) demonstration cities under the SWITCH project. The main objective of the demo project was to demonstrate (as pilot) the potential of using urine for crop production in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) and provide recommendations for scaling up.
Ownership / Farmers / Logistics / Risks / Environmental effects / Socioeconomic aspects / Senses / Economic analysis / Soils / Urine / Fertilizers / Cabbages / Vegetable growing / Urban agriculture
Record No:H044301
Fung, J.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Moe, C.; Akple, M. 2011.
Microbiological quality of urban-vended salad and its association with gastrointestinal diseases in Kumasi, Ghana.
International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health,
4(2-4):152-166.
Keywords / Abstract
The influence of consumption of salads on exposure to gastrointestinal diseases was assessed in urban environments in Kumasi, Ghana. Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey involving 15 salad sellers and 213 consumers and microbiological laboratory analysis of 96 samples of ready-to-eat salad. Findings showed higher contamination in street-vended salads than those in cafeterias with thermotelerant coliforms levels of 4.005.43 log units per 100 g salad, 32% of samples had Salmonella sp., and 17% had helminth eggs. Overall, there was an insignificant inverse relationship between salad consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among street salad consumers (RR = 0.81) and a strong positive relationship with cafeteria consumers (RR = 5.51). However, stratified analysis on relative risk showed a likelihood of strong influence from other risk factors embedded in socio-economic status such as poor sanitation. We recommend more integrated studies on risk factors for gastrointestinal diseases in poor urban areas.
Water use / Microbiological analysis / Vegetables / Food safety / Risks / Urban environment / Gastrointestinal diseases / Salads
Record No:H044672
Adeoti, A. I.; Oladele, O. I.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2011.
Sustainability of livelihoods through urban agriculture: gender dimensions in Accra, Ghana.
Life Science Journal,
8(2):840-848.
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This paper examines the sustainability of livelihoods through Urban Agriculture: Gender dimensions in Accra, Ghana. The population used for the study was the vegetable producers within and around Accra, Ghana. A mix of sampling techniques was followed in choosing UA producers. While a random sampling technique was employed in choosing male UA producers, all female producers who were willing to be interviewed were chosen. In all, 92 male producers and 8 female producers gave consistent responses that were analyzed. The results show that the mean age for male producers is 39.4 years. Female producers are more elderly with a mean age of 49.8 years. The mean year of schooling is 6.4 years for male producers and 7.1years for female producers. While all the households are involved in irrigated farming, only 13% male and 25 % female managed farms practiced irrigated farming alone. The majority of the male and female farmers indicated that high contribution of urban agriculture to their livelihoods. Farm size and access to credit were significant determinants of income from urban agriculture among the respondents.
Households / Vegetable growing / Farms / Irrigated farming / Costs / Income / Economic aspects / Farmers / Gender / Urban agriculture
Record No:H044648
Forkuor, Gerald; Drechsel, Pay; Cofie, Olufunke. 2011.
A GIS-based approach for integrating agriculture into urban and peri-urban planning.
West Africa Review,
19:136-154.
Keywords
Analytical methods / Land tenure / Topography / Water resources / Markets / Transport / Urban planning / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / GIS
Record No:H044645
Venot, Jean-Philippe; Andreini, Marc; Pinkstaff, C. B. 2011.
Planning and corrupting water resources development: the case of small reservoirs in Ghana.
Water Alternatives,
4(3):399-423.
Keywords / Abstract
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Agricultural (water) development is once again at the fore of the development agenda of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, corruption is seen as a major obstacle to the sustainability of future investments in the sector but there is still little empirical evidence on the ways corruption pervades development projects. This paper documents the planning and implementation processes of two specific small reservoir programmes in the north of Ghana. We specifically delve into the dynamics of corruption and interrogate the ways they add to the inherent unpredictability of development planning. We argue that operational limitations of small reservoirs such as poor infrastructure, lack of managerial and organisational capacity at the community level and weak market integration and public support are the symptoms rather than inherent problems of wider lapses in the planning processes that govern the development of small reservoirs in Ghana and plausibly worldwide. A suite of petty misconduct and corrupt practices during the planning, tendering, supervision, and administration of contracts for the rehabilitation and construction of small reservoirs results in delays in implementation, poor construction, escalating costs, and ultimately failures of small reservoirs vis--vis their intended goals and a widely shared frustration among donor agencies, civil servants, contractors, and communities. Such practices hang on and can only be addressed through a better understanding of the complex web of formal decisions and informal rules that shape the understanding and actions of the state.
Policy / Irrigation programs / Investment / Economic aspects / Bureaucracy / Monitoring / Corruption / Water governance / Case studies / Dams / Reservoirs / Agricultural development / Water resources development
Record No:H044582
Sally, Hilmy; Levite, Herve; Cour, J. 2011.
Local water management of small reservoirs: lessons from two case studies in Burkina Faso.
Water Alternatives,
4(3):365-382.
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Burkina Faso is actively pursuing the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in its development plans. Several policy and institutional mechanisms have been put in place, including the adoption of a national IWRM action plan (PAGIRE) and the establishment so far of 30 local water management committees (Comits Locaux de l’Eau, or CLE). The stated purpose of the CLE is to take responsibility for managing water at sub-basin level. The two case studies discussed in this paper illustrate gaps between the policy objective of promoting IWRM on the one hand, and the realities associated with its practical on-the-ground implementation on the other. A significant adjustment that occurred in practice is the fact that the two CLE studied have been set up as entities focused on reservoir management, whereas it is envisioned that a CLE would constitute a platform for sub-basin management. This reflects a concern to minimise conflict and optimally manage the country’s primary water resource and illustrates the type of pragmatic actions that have to be taken to make IWRM a reality. It is also observed that the local water management committees have not been able to satisfactorily address questions regarding access to, and allocation of, water, which are crucial for the satisfactory functioning of the reservoirs. Water resources in the reservoirs appear to be controlled by the dominant user. In order to correct this trend, measures to build mutual trust and confidence among water users apos;condemnedapos; to work together to manage their common resource are suggested, foremost of which is the need to collect and share reliable data. Awareness of power relationships among water user groups and building on functioning, already existing formal or informal arrangements for water sharing are key determinants for successful implementation of the water reform process underway.
Irrigation schemes / Downstream / Rice / River basins / Case studies / Conflicts / Water use / Water storage / Water allocation / Water user associations / Reservoirs / Water resources / Water management
Record No:H044385
Drechsel, Pay; Seidu, R. 2011.
Cost-effectiveness of options for reducing health risks in areas where food crops are irrigated with treated or untreated wastewater.
Water International,
36(4):535-548. (Special issue on quot;Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunitiesquot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
In this article the authors draw from a comparative assessment of different interventions, examining their costs, risk-reduction potential and cost-effectiveness. They consider a case study in Ghana, using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis. Most practices appear highly cost-effective, although only a few are likely to avert more than 80% of the DALY burden. As compliance will always be a challenge, the results support the need for a multi-barrier risk-management approach that, where possible, combines treatment and non-treatment interventions.
Case studies / Costs / Economic aspects / Risk assessment / Wastewater irrigation / Diarrhoea / Health hazards / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H044201
Murray, Ashley; Mekala, G. D.; Chen, X. 2011.
Evolving policies and the roles of public and private stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana.
Water International,
36(4):491-504. (Special issue on quot;Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunitiesquot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
In this article the authors document evolving attitudes, policies and roles of stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. In each country there is momentum for expanding not just access to sanitation at the household/community levels, but also for greater treatment and safe end-of-life management of human excreta. Governments are increasingly looking to engage the private sector, but models of engagement that make a compelling business case and instil confidence in cost recovery will have to emerge before the private sector takes an active role in wastewater and faecal sludge treatment in low-income countries.
Developing countries / Case studies / Water policy / Sewage sludge / Private sector / Public-private cooperation / Sanitation / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H044198
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011.
Motivating behaviour change to reduce pathogenic risk where unsafe water is used for irrigation.
Water International,
36(4):476-490. (Special issue on quot;Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunitiesquot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The increased emphasis on non- or post-treatment measures in the 2006 edition of the World Health Organization Guidelines on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture will require behaviour change along the food chain. Low health risk awareness likely limits adoption of safe food practices in many areas. Based on experiences from Ghana, where informal wastewater irrigation occurs around all cities, the necessary steps for increasing adoption probability are outlined under a generic framework, which is based on the four pillars of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. Any of these approaches requires research of the target groups. Cost effectiveness can be improved by linking related efforts with other hygiene and food safety interventions.
Food safety / Incentives / Health hazards / Risks / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044197
Weldesilassie, A. B.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Danso, G. 2011.
Assessing the empirical challenges of evaluating the benefits and risks of irrigating with wastewater.
Water International,
36(4):441-454. (Special issue on quot;Wastewater use in agriculture: economics, risks and opportunitiesquot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
In this article the authors assess the empirical challenges of estimating the costs and benefits of using wastewater in agriculture. The wide variation in the characteristics of wastewater irrigation complicates efforts to estimate costs and benefits, and to transfer such estimates across locations. They examine wastewater use in four countries in Africa and Asia, where research has been conducted for many years. They find a significant patchwork of results, but no satisfying overall assessment. The authors suggest focusing on the cost-effectiveness of interventions for risk reduction, rather than economic analyses of the full range of costs and benefits of using wastewater in agriculture.
Corporate culture / Policy / Valuation / Economic impact / Public health / Risks / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044196
Owusu, Eric S.; Namara, Regassa E.; Kuwornu, J. K. M. 2011.
The welfare-enhancing role of irrigation in farm households in northern Ghana.
Journal of International Diversity,
2011(1):61-87.
Keywords / Abstract
One key poverty reduction strategy in developing countries has been the investment in agricultural water management. There are research-established linkages between irrigation water use and household welfare improvements in some developing countries. In Ghana, irrigation development for livelihood support, which dates back to the 1960s manifested in the construction of formal irrigation infrastructure, starting with the rural savannah and coastal regions. However, to date agriculture is still predominantly rainfed, small-holder and subsistence oriented. It is believed that irrigation potential for poverty reduction is yet to be achieved within the Food and Agricultural Sector Development Programme, as general poverty incidence (60.1%) is still high, particularly in the rural savannah regions of Northern Ghana. Little is however known about the poverty-reducing role of already provided infrastructure against the backdrop of rising quest for more irrigation investments. The extent of irrigation’s welfare-enhancing impact is worth knowing for policy makers. Using the methods of propensity score matching (PSM) and switching regression, it is ascertained that improved access to irrigation in the rural savannah region of Ghana significantly improves household welfare via increase in net farm income, and there is more room for enhanced impacts. Pro-poor irrigation investment in this region significantly reinforces both regional and national poverty reduction drives, and is thus justified.
Models / Regression analysis / Developing countries / Poverty / Investment / Irrigation water / Income / Welfare / Households
Record No:H044131
Erni, M.; Bader, H.-P.; Drechsel, Pay; Scheidegger, R.; Zurbrugg, C.; Kipfer, R. 2011.
Urban water and nutrient flows in Kumasi, Ghana.
Urban Water Journal,
8(3):135-153.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Material flow analysis was applied to model different scenarios which help better identify and quantify water supply and wastewater pollution problems in the city of Kumasi, Ghana. Results show that despite a relative abundance of water resources in the surrounding area of the city, drinking water consumption will remain at a low level (from 49 + 4 l/cap/day in 2006 to 59 + 5 l/cap/day in 2015). Changing sanitation practices to using more flush toilets will require significantly more water if these toilets are to be used adequately. The waternutrient balance shows that total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) outputs of the modelled area are 10 times higher than system inputs, most of this being attributed to human wastes from sanitation. A number of possible measures to reduce nutrient flows into water bodies were identified and quantified, showing the usefulness of the applied model in providing estimates for municipal decision-makers.
Sanitation / Flow discharge / Water quality / Water use / Wastewater / Drinking water / Models / Systems analysis / Nutrients / Water management / Urban areas
Record No:H044001
Akple, M.; Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Agbenowu, E. 2011.
Microbiological quality of water from hand-dug wells used for domestic purposes in urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana.
Urban Water Journal,
8(1):57-64.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Assessment was done on the microbiological quality of water in hand-dug wells in urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 256 water samples were taken from eight wells and examined for faecal coliforms, enterococci and helminths. High contamination levels were recorded in the wells, more so in the wet season, with faecal coliforms levels between 6.44 and 10.19 log units and faecal enterococci between 4.23 and 4.85 CFU per 100 ml. Influence on protection and lining of wells on water quality was not pronounced but mechanization reduced contamination significantly by about 3 log units. This study shows a stronger influence of poor sanitation and improper placement of wells on water quality compared to improvements made from lining and protection of wells. In the race to increase access to drinking water in poor urban settlements, quality of groundwater could be a major barrier, if provision of drinking water is not matched with improvements in sanitation and urban planning.
Urban planning / Sanitation / Drinking water / Urban poor / Faecal coliforms / Water quality / Groundwater / Wells
Record No:H043972
Murray, Ashley; Drechsel, Pay. 2011.
Why do some wastewater treatment facilities work when the majority fail? Case study from the sanitation sector in Ghana.
Waterlines,
30(2):135-149.
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
(1.6MB)
Failure is the norm for urban sanitation infrastructure in Ghana: of the rather substantial number of wastewater and faecal sludge treatment plants, with about 70 mostly decentralized systems throughout the country, less than 10 are operating effectively. This research presents an overview of the related sanitation situation in Ghana, and compares the few successful facilities with their failed counterparts in order to decipher the factors that enable the former to prevail. The research reveals important differences in the operation and maintenance (Oamp;M) strategies, financing schemes and incentive structures in the successful versus unsuccessful facilities, which are probably not unique to Ghana. Based on the findings, we suggest a set of guiding questions for incorporation into the existing planning, funding or general decision-making framework in order to avoid commonly observed traps, which not only undermine progress in the delivery of sanitation services but also harshly affect environmental and public health.
Households / Public health / Incentives / Case studies / Sanitation / Monitoring / Wastewater treatment
Record No:H043941
Amede, Tilahun; Menza, M.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele. 2011.
Zai improves nutrient and water productivity in the Ethiopian highlands.
Experimental Agriculture,
47(Supplement S1):7-20
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
In the East African highlands, crop yields tend to increase with proximity of the farm plots to homesteads. Farmers identified soil erosion as the most detrimental cause of low crop yield in the outfields followed by soil compaction due to livestock trampling. The main objective of this study was to determine whether zai pits (i.e. small water harvesting pits) developed for dryland regions of the Sahel could increase crop yield and water productivity of degraded outfields in high rainfall areas, where mean annual rainfall exceeds 1300mmbut soil water infiltration is reduced by slope, low soil organic matter and hardpans. The pits were enlarged to resist strong runoff flows. The research was conducted over three years from 2004 to 2006. Potatoes and beans were used as test crops. Overall, compared to control plots, the zai pits, in combination with nitrogen (N) inputs, increased potato yields from 500% to 2000% ( p = 0.001). The pits contributed more to increased crop yield than N inputs. Similarly, bean yields from the zai pits were up to 250% higher. Crop water productivity was 300700% higher with zai pits than with control plots. The income of farmers who used zai pits was up to 20-fold higher than the labour costs required to prepare them. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this study reveals that the major constraint of the outfields is not nutrient deficiency per se rather low soil water holding capacity, which hinders crop growth and efficient utilization of available nutrients.
Sloping land / Highlands / Farming systems / Traditional farming / Water productivity / Soil water / Nutrients / Crop production
Record No:H043512
Olajide-Taiwo, L. O.; Cofie, Olufunke; Odeleye, O. M. O.; Olajide-Taiwo, F. B.; Olufunmi, Y.; Adebayo, O. S.; Alabi, O. O. 2011.
Effect of capacity building on production of safe and profitable leafy vegetables among farmers in Ibadan City of Nigeria.
In Mukisira, E. A.; Wasilwa, L. A.; Wesonga, J.; Kahane, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the First All African Horticultural Congress, 31 August - 3 September 2009. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). pp.427-432.
(ISHS Acta Horticulturae 911)
Keywords / Abstract
Eighty percent of the fresh leafy vegetables consumed by about three million people who live in Ibadan city of Nigeria and its environ are produced within and around the city by farmers in backyards, vacant land, near streams, road sides, barracks and government offices. Due to lack of adequate training among other factors, farmers make sub-optimal profit margins and produce vegetables which are dangerous to human health due to misuse of agrochemicals. This study was embarked upon for a period of three months, to build the capacity of vegetable farmers on how to produce safe and profitable vegetables using good agricultural practices (GAP) and improved production packages with minimal use of appropriate agro-chemicals. Two groups of 60 women vegetable farmers in Odogbo army barrack of the city were involved. Farmers’ production practices and associated problems were documented through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Innovative capacity building strategies building on farmers’ resources and on-farm demonstration (OFAD) in the form of urban producers’ field school (UPFS) focusing on the three most important vegetables - Corchorus, Celosia and Amaranthus - to the farmers was set up to address the problems. Weekly trainings were conducted and farmers were encouraged to apply the knowledge gained on their private farms. Thirty farmers each from participating and non-articipating farmers were randomly selected to compare their yield, quality of harvest and economic returns after the training. Data were analyzed using t-test. There was significant difference (plt;0.05) between the yield obtained by participating and non-articipating farmers.Economic gains of the participating farmers also increased by 300% on the average due to improved quality of produce and higher market price. There should be conscious effort to assist vegetable farmers through capacity building in order to ensure supply of good quality vegetables and increase economic gains in the city.
Economic aspects / Agricultural practices / Urban agriculture / s participation / Womenapos / Farmer participation / Vegetables / Capacity building
Record No:H044662
Douxchamps, Sabine; Ayantunde, A.; Andah, W.; Barron, J. 2011.
Learning from the past: rainwater management in the Volta Basin. [Abstract only].
Paper presented at the 3rd International Forum on Water and Food, Tshwane, South Africa, 14-17 November 2011. 2p.
Keywords
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Multiple use / Agricultural production / Development projects / River basin development / Rain water management
Record No:H044729
van Koppen, Barbara; van der Zaag, P.; Manzungu, E.; Tapela, B.; Mapedza, Everisto. 2011.
Roman water law in rural Africa: dispossession, discrimination and weakening state regulation?
Paper presented at the 13th IASC Biennial International Conference on Sustaining Commons: Sustaining Our Future, Hyderabad, India, 10 -14 January 2011. 30p.
Keywords / Abstract
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The recent water law reforms in Africa, Latin America and elsewhere strengthen permit systems. This water rights regime is rooted in Roman water law. The European colonial powers introduced this law in their colonies, especially in Latin America and later also in Sub-Saharan Africa. By declaring most waters as being public waters, they vested ownership of water resources in their overseas kings. This dispossessed indigenous peoples from their prior claims to water, while the new formal water rights (or permits) were reserved for colonial allies. At independence, ownership of water resources shifted to the new governments but the nature of the water laws, including the formal cancellation of indigenous water rights regimes as one of the plural water rights regimes, remained uncontested. This colonial legacy remained equally hidden in the recent reforms strengthening permit system. Based on research on the new permit systems in a context of legal pluralism in Tanzania, Mexico, South Africa, Ghana, Mozambique and elsewhere, this paper addresses two dilemmas. The first is: how can the dispossession and discrimination be reverted by recognizing and even encouraging informal water self-supply since time immemorial to meet basic livelihood needs by millions of small-scale water users? The second dilemma, which prevails in SubSaharan Africa, but less in Latin America, is: can permit systems become effective regulatory tools to combat water over-use and pollution, collect revenue, and, where historical justice warrants, to re-allocate water from the haves to the have-nots, as South Africa’s water law aims? The paper provides evidence and best practices on, first, how the state can recognize legal pluralism and informal water rights regimes, and, second, how state regulation can only become effective through lean and targeted measures, so without nation-wide permits.
Corporate culture / Government / Models / River basins / Women / Best practices / Water users / Rural areas / Taxes / Regulations / Water rights / Water law / Water resources / Water management
Record No:H044593
Venot, Jean-Philippe. 2011.
What Commons? rethinking participation in the Sub-Saharan African water sector. [Abstract only].
In International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC). 13th IASC Biennial International Conference on Sustaining Commons: Sustaining Our Future, Hyderabad, India, 10 - 14 January 2011. Book of abstracts. Mexico City, DF, Mexico: International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC); Gujarat, India: Foundation for Ecological Security (FES). pp.266.
Keywords / Abstract
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Global reports and major funding agencies herald the comeback of agriculture on the international development agenda as a means of achieving the Millenium Development Goals. Within this renewed interest, irrigation is presented as pivotal to increasing food production and alleviating poverty. This is especially the case in subSaharan Africa, where macro indicators point to an underdeveloped and underperforming agriculture-cum-irrigation sector. While large dam projects are still prevalent, small-scale irrigation has also become the focus of increased attention from researchers, national decision-makers and the international development community. Indeed, small-scale irrigation fits well within the development narratives of decentralization and participation. This paper questions such perceptions. It uses the example of small reservoirs in sub-Saharan Africa to highlight that small scale irrigation projects are, firstly, based on narrow visions of the ‘commons’ and participation that rarely consider the experiences and perceptions of local populations; secondly do not account for the de-facto institutional “bricolage” and the diverse land and water claims that they contribute to; thirdly, and in contrast to the new vocabulary of development, continue to regard intended beneficiaries as ‘recipients’ rather than participants with agency; and, finally, largely ignore power distribution issues that characterize decentralization reforms within and outside of communities. Further investments and reforms are said to be the remedy. These are unlikely to succeed, so long as they adhere to a narrowly-defined notion of development. This paper calls for a new approach, which acknowledges the multiple claims and uses of natural resources, and which recognizes that projects contribute to shaping new meanings of space and relationships to environments, whose fairness depends on the vantage point considered.
Irrigation programs / Water user associations / Reservoirs / Water governance / Water resources
Record No:H044574
Xenarios, Stefanos; McCartney, Matthew; Polatidis, H.; Eguavoen, I. 2011.
Economic assessment of water storage for adaptation to climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Paper presented at the International Conference on Integrated Water Resources Management - Management Water in a Changing World: Lessons Learnt and Innovative Perspectives, Dresden, Germany, 12-13 October 2011. 14p.
Keywords / Abstract
The development of water storage schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa is considered a major aid for agricultural regions with scarce water and anticipated climate change impacts. The selection of storage options is often conducted through monetary assessment of direct costs and benefits. Such an approach, although prompt and straightforward, often leads to reductionism in the assessment process and loss of valuable information. This in turn can result in less than optimal decision-making. Against this background, this paper proposes an alternative approach based on an outranking methodology designed with thresholds and weighting values. Though based on the underlying principle of economic efficiency, the approach proposed avoids some crucial weaknesses of cost-benefit analysis and places greater emphasis on socioeconomic and environmental criteria. The method has been evaluated in six case studies conducted in Ethiopia and Ghana.
Case studies / Economic aspects / Climate change / Adaptation / Water storage
Record No:H044450
Sally, Hilmy; Levite, Herve. 2011.
Participatory diagnosis to revitalize the performance of irrigation schemes in the Sahel: experiences from Burkina Faso and Niger.
Paper presented at the 21st International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, Tehran, Iran, 15-23 October 2011. 15p.
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This article presents the preliminary results of a multi-partner action-research project, funded by USAID and jointly implemented by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). The project is implemented in two pilot countries, Niger and Burkina Faso in partnership with the respective irrigation agencies, the national ICID committees and the national agriculture research systems.The underlying hypothesis of the project is that the active participation of farmers in multidisciplinary performance analysis and diagnosis of their irrigation schemes will trigger a renewed awareness and enthusiasm to revitalize these schemes. The Participatory Rapid Diagnosis and Action Plan (PRDA) methodology is used for this purpose. This approach is well-regarded in West Africa and many experts have been already trained through the regional association on irrigation and drainage (RAID/ARID). Professionals from ICID committees carried out the diagnoses together with representatives of farmers. Five medium size (70 to 500 ha) public irrigation schemes were assessed in Niger and Burkina Faso with this method.One striking result is that farmers’ involvement in the participatory diagnosis has raised their own awareness about the strengths and weaknesses of their schemes; in most cases they expressed willingness to take effective remedial action. However, it became evident that there is poor knowledge about the actual functioning of the schemes due to lack of monitoring by the managing agency and the farmers. Operation and maintenance of the irrigation facilities as well as administration and financial management of their organizations also pose major challenges for the farmers. The diagnostic exercise has also encouraged government to reengage in these schemes with a view to improving their performance by undertaking actions such as repairs and rehabilitation of infrastructure and farmer training.
Flooding / Risks / Costs / Economic aspects / Pumps / Farmer participation / Irrigation programs / Irrigation schemes / Research methods / Research projects / Water management
Record No:H044386
Forkuor, G.; McCartney, Matthew; Amisigo, B. 2011.
Evaluating the implications of future water resource development under current and projected climate in the Volta basin.
Paper presented at the 3rd Ghana Water Forum, Accra, Ghana, 5-7 September 2011. 7p.
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This study combines climate change (CC), hydrological and water resource evaluation models to assess the impact of one downscaled mid-range CC scenario (A1B) on the performance of existing and planned irrigation and hydropower schemes in the Volta basin. The models were run (1983-2100) to simulate the CC scenario in combination with three development scenarios, each reflecting different levels of water resource development in the basin. Results indicate a general trend of declining rainfall and increasing potential evapotranspiration in the basin. This trend was found to have caused: i) a significant reduction in flows at key stream gauge locations; ii) an increase in average basin-wide per hectare irrigation requirement and iii) a significant reduction in the percentage of the potential hydropower that could be generated in the basin. This has the tendency to undermine the economic development of the riparian countries unless due consideration is given to these impacts and suitable adaptation measures introduced.
Irrigation schemes / Water power / River basins / Climate change / Water resources development
Record No:H044351
Pavelic, Paul; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Favreau, G.; Villholth, K. G. 2011.
Water balance approach for assessing potential for small-scale groundwater irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Paper presented at the International Conference on Groundwater: Our Source of Security in an Uncertain Future, CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa, 19-21 September 2011. 12p.
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Strategies for overcoming the lack of agricultural groundwater development over much of SSA are urgently needed. Expansion of small-scale groundwater irrigation offers an attractive option to smallholder farmers to overcome poor wet-season rainfall and enhance dry season production. This paper presents a simple, generic methodology that involves a set of type-curves to aid with decision making on the scope of opportunities for developing sustainable irrigation supplies, and to help understand how cropping choices influence the areal extent of irrigation. Guidance to avoid over-exploitation of the resource is also provided. The methodology was applied to two sites in West Africa with contrasting climate and subsurface conditions and at both sites there is potential for further groundwater development for irrigation whilst allowing provisions for other sectorial uses, including the environment.
Case studies / River basins / Monitoring / Dry season / Farmers / Smallholders / Rain / Small scale systems / Water storage / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater development / Water balance
Record No:H044349
Xenarios, Stefanos; McCartney, Matthew. 2011.
Economic assessment of water storage for adaptation to climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Paper presented at the International Congress on Water 2011: Integrated Water Resources Management in Tropical and Subtropical Drylands, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011. 14p.
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The development of water storage schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa is considered a major aid for agricultural regions with scarce water and anticipated climate change impacts. The selection of storage options is often conducted through monetary assessment of direct costs and benefits. Such an approach, although prompt and straightforward, often leads to reductionism in the assessment process and loss of valuable information. This in turn can result in less than optimal decision-making. Against this background, this paper proposes an alternative approach based on an outranking methodology designed with threshold systems and weighting values. Though based on the underlying principle of economic efficiency, the approach proposed avoids some crucial weaknesses of cost-benefit related analyses. The methodology has been evaluated to six case studies in Ethiopia and Ghana through the introduction of socioeconomic and environmental related indicators.
Surveys / Indicators / Environmental effects / Assessment / Economic aspects / Case studies / Cost benefit analysis / Decision making / Climate change / Water storage
Record No:H044343
Xenarios, Stefanos; Asante, F.; McCartney, Matthew. 2011.
Economic efficiency of water storage options: an application of the approach to Ghana.
Paper presented at the Third Ghana Water Forum (GWF-3) on Water and Sanitation Services Delivery in a Rapidly Changing Urban Environment, Accra, Ghana, 5-7 September 2011. 6p.
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Water storage is widely promoted as an effective method for mitigating some of the adverse impacts of climate change. Cost benefit analysis is one approach to evaluate which is the most appropriate water storage type under any specific biophysical and socio-economic conditions. However, this often result in loss of significant information for those characteristics which cannot be easily assessed using monetary values. Against this background, the study reported in this paper developed an outranking-based methodology, designed with threshold systems and weighting values, in order to overcome some of the constraints of traditional cost-benefit analysis. The method has been applied in three representative catchments in central and northern Ghana. The results present a preponderance of upstream areas linked with small reservoirs because of the considerably high income, the sufficient water supply, the low costs given for water related illnesses and the low costs for domestic water use.
Case studies / Economic thresholds / Models / Reservoirs / Downstream / Upstream / Cost benefit analysis / Climate change / Economic aspects / Water storage
Record No:H044292
da Silva, A.; Drechsel, Pay; Keraita, Bernard; Lautze, Jonathan; Stander, E. 2011.
Global experiences in water reuse: summary and recommendations for the USEPA 2012 water reuse guidelines.
Paper presented at the 84th Water Environment Federationapos;s Annual Conference (WEFTEC), Los Angeles, USA, 15-19 October 2011. 18p.
Keywords / Abstract
The international chapter of the 2012 EPA Water Reuse Guidelines is currently under development. This chapter aims to identify tools and approaches used in the international context that can strengthen water reuse in the US. The main objective is to review international experiences in order to gain insights on existing and best practices for governments, international development agencies, practitioners, and development partners interested in the challenges and opportunities within water reuse. Unlike earlier versions, the updated chapter aims to more fully discuss the full spectrum of applications in a range of resource contexts and highlight successes, challenges, and lessons learned in practical applications across a range of resource settings through a collection of case studies. The focus is on local and regional best practices and considerations for ensuring that water reuse occurs in a safe and sustainable manner. This applies to planned reuse schemes, with an emphasis on engineering practices for wastewater treatment, as well as unplanned systems, with an exploration of so-called post- or non-treatment options for reducing health risks. Factors that enable safe and sustainable reuse for both planned schemes and unplanned systems, such as institutional strengthening, financial planning, stakeholder processes, and public acceptance campaigns, will be discussed along with a framework for transitioning from unplanned to planned reuse.
Public health / Wastewater irrigation / Wastewater treatment / Case studies / Water scarcity / Standards / Guidelines / Water reuse
Record No:H044088
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2011.
Outgrower schemes: a promising model for poor farmers? Based on a report by Lewis Bangwe, Francis K. Y. Amevenku, Kwabena Kankam Yeboah and Emmanuel Oboubie.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 3p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
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Poverty / Farmers / Smallholders / Contract farming
Record No:H044591
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2011.
Water lifting in Ghana. Based on a report by Regassa E. Namara.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 2p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
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Gender / Farmers / Mechanical control / Pumps / Water lifting
Record No:H044154
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2011.
Shallow groundwater in Ghana. Based on a report by Regassa E. Namara, Joseph Awuni and Lesley Hope.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 3p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
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Smallholders / Small farms / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H044153
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2011.
Inland valleys in Ghana. Based on a report by Regassa E. Namara, Lesley Hope and Joseph Awuni.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 2p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management Learning and Discussion Brief)
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Development projects / Smallholders / Farmers / Profitability / Rice / Small farms
Record No:H044150
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2011.
Facilitating dialogue for sustainable dam development.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 2p.
(IWMI Success Stories 012)
[DOI]
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Costs / Dams / Water resources
Record No:H044654
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2011.
Faciliter l’adoption d’interventions de securite alimentaire dans le secteur des aliments de rue et dans les champs. In French.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.345-362. (Also in English).
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This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
Guidelines / Vegetables / Wastewater irrigation / Social behaviour / Public health / Restaurants / Food safety
Record No:H044473
Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011.
Analyse cout-efficacite des interventions pour reduire les maladies diarrheiques chez les consommateurs de laitues irriguees avec des eaux usees au Ghana. In French.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.281-305. (Also in English).
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Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
Risk assessment / Health hazards / Diarrhoea / Diseases / Leaf vegetables / Lettuces / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044470
Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2011.
Application de l’approche a barrieres multiples pour reduire les risques microbiens dans le secteur post-recolte des legumes irrigues avec des eaux usees. In French.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.259-280. (Also in English).
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Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
Disinfection / Food safety / Risk assessment / Vegetables / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044469
Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay. 2011.
Mesures mises en oevre aux champs pour reduire les risques sanitaires microbiologiques pour les consommateurs d’une agriculture informelle irriguee avec des eaux usees. In French.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.205-225. (Also in English).
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This chapter presents farm-based measures that have been developed and tested in the informal irrigation sector to reduce microbiological health risks for consumers from wastewater irrigation of vegetables commonly eaten uncooked. The measures target poor smallholder farmers or farmer associations in developing countries as part of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction along the farm to fork pathway. Measures discussed include treatment of irrigation water using ponds, filters and wetland systems; water application techniques; irrigation scheduling; and crop selection. In addition, the chapter highlights some practical strategies to implement these measures, based largely on field experiences in Ghana. Although most measures discussed do not fully eliminate possible health risks, they can significantly complement other pathogen barriers. Which measures fit, either alone or in combination, will depend on local site characteristics and practices. Further studies are required to develop new measures or adapt them to other irrigation practices and systems in developing countries.
Developing countries / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation practices / Ponds / Water storage / Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Vegetables / Health hazards / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H044467
Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2011.
Options a faible cout pour la reduction des pathogenes et la recuperation des elements nutritifs des boues de vidange. In French.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa. L’irrigation avec des eaux usees et la sante: evaluer et attenuer les risques dans les pays a faible revenu. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Quebec, Canada: University of Quebec. pp.185-203. (Also in English).
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Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
Composting / Sanitation / Nutrients / Control methods / Pathogens / Composting / Recycling / Excreta / Biofertilizers
Record No:H044466
Drechsel, Pay. 2011.
Promoting safer wastewater irrigation in West Africa.
In State of the world 2011: innovations that nourish the planet. Washington, DC, USA: Worldwatch Institute. pp.118-119
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Food safety / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H043659
Namara, Regassa E.; Horowitz, L.; Kolavalli, S.; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G.; Dawuni, B. N.; Barry, Boubacar; Giordano, Mark. 2010.
Typology of irrigation systems in Ghana.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 27p.
(IWMI Working Paper 142)
[DOI]
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Interest in African irrigation investment is growing. However, irrigation is not a monolithic concept, and the opportunities and risks can vary substantially by approach. To help provide an understanding of the variation, this paper builds on previous work to provide a detailed typology of irrigation systems as currently used in Ghana.
Case studies / Wells / Tube well irrigation / Groundwater irrigation / Wastewater irrigation / Private sector / Public sector / Irrigation management / Smallholders / Water user associations / Farmers / Communal irrigation systems / Surface irrigation / Typology
Record No:H043957
Johnston, Robyn M.; McCartney, Matthew. 2010.
Inventory of water storage types in the Blue Nile and Volta River Basins.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 40p.
(IWMI Working Paper 140)
[DOI]
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For agriculture there is a continuum of water storage options, ranging from groundwater aquifers, soil water, natural wetlands and small ponds and tanks to large reservoirs. In any situation each of these has its own niche in terms of technical feasibility, socioeconomic sustainability and impact on public health and the environment. Planning storage requires insight into impending needs and also a good understanding of what already exists and what was, and was not, successful, in the past. This report provides an inventory of existing and prospective water storage in the Ghanaian Volta and the Ethiopian Blue Nile basins. It provides as much quantitative data as possible, but highlights both the dearth of readily available information and the lack of integrated planning of storage in both basins. Recommendations are made for improved planning in the future.
Wetlands / Soil moisture / Groundwater / Tanks / Ponds / Reservoirs / River basins / Water storage
Record No:H043220
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei. 2010.
Assessing pollution and river recovery processes in the middle catchment of the Densu River Basin, Ghana.
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, Environmental Science Programme, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Philosophy in Environmental Science. 167p.
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The Densu River serves as the main source of water in the basin and also supplies Ghana‘s capital (Accra) with a large share (44%) of its drinking water which makes water pollution a critical challenge. An assessment of pollution and river recovery was conducted in the middle catchment of the Densu River, Ghana over both rainy and dry seasons to understand the contributory factors that drive pollution in the basin. For the purposes of water resources management, the primary focus was on the river processes taking place that allow mitigation of these impacts. Suggestions were then made regarding mitigating interventions to conserve the resources in the river basin. Physico-chemical and microbial parameters were analyzed. Sample collection and analysis of the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were conducted using international and national standards and indicators. Key informant and household interviews as well as field reconnaissance were also carried out. The study showed that the water quality within the middle catchment of the Densu Basin varies according to sampling site and season. Among the physical parameters analyzed, colour and turbidity exceeded the WHO recommended levels for river water. The values obtained for the water quality exceeded the Ghanaian Target Water Quality Range for raw water intended for domestic, irrigation and industrial use. With the exception of conductivity, the values recorded for colour, turbidly and suspended solids tend to be higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Though the mean values of the chemical parameters were within the WHO standards for raw water, bacteriological quality of the Densu River was above the recommended standards of WHO, 2006; EU, 1998 and WRC, 2003 during both the dry and wet seasons. Results showed that the Densu River water can generally be classified as fairly good compared to its desirable or natural state. There are spatial and temporary variations which require targeted monitoring, while so far the river recovers well from localized pollution. Temporal recovery was observed along the entire river. However, since concentrations of most of the parameters studied were relatively low, clear signs of full self recovery were not visible and made it difficult to evaluate the recovery capacity of the river. Despite the fact that the study area is predominantly agricultural, the study did not discover the widespread use of agrochemicals. About 47.1% of respondents do not use fertilizer, while 55.2% do not use pesticides on their farms. Given the population growth in Accra‘s vicinity, awareness raising, provision of sanitation facilities as well as the creation of buffer zones along the river banks is highly recommended to preserve this important drinking water source for the city.
Economic aspects / Social aspects / Land use / Water use / Laboratory techniques / Analysis / Assessment / Monitoring / Water quality / Water pollution / River basins
Record No:H043414
Venot, Jean-Philippe. 2010.
Book review on 'Skinner, J.; Niasse, M.; Lawrence, H. (Eds.). 2009. Sharing the benefits of large dams in West Africa. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Natural Resources Issues 19'.
Water Alternatives,
3(2):463-465
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Social impact / Development projects / Dams
Record No:H043585
Barry, Boubacar; Kortatsi, B.; Forkuor, G.; Gumma, M. K.; Namara, Regassa E.; Rebelo, Lisa-Maria; van den Berg, J.; Laube, W. 2010.
Shallow groundwater in the Atankwidi Catchment of the White Volta Basin: current status and future sustainability.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 23p.
(IWMI Research Report 139)
[DOI]
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The Atankwidi Catchment, which lies in the White Volta Basin in West Africa, is intensively cultivated by locals for economic gains. During dry seasons, farmers irrigate their crops, chiefly tomatoes, using shallow groundwater harvested from shallow ponds they dig using simple tools like an axe, hoe, bucket and bowls. Recent expansion in cultivated areas has brought to the fore the need to estimate the volume of shallow groundwater stored in the catchment’s underlying aquifer and to what extent it can sustain the incremental growth in irrigated areas.
Mapping / Remote sensing / Irrigation practices / Catchment areas / River basins / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043521
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2010.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
6. 12p.
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Social aspects / Resettlement / Development projects / Dams
Record No:H043629
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2010.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
5. 8p.
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Social aspects / Resettlement / Development projects / Water power / Dams
Record No:H043216
Drechsel, Pay; Evans, Alexandra. 2010.
Wastewater reuse.
Irrigation and Drainage Systems,
24(1-2). 153p. (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors)
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Water reuse / Sanitation / Water quality / Models / Risks / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042877
Amponsah-Doku, F.; Obiri-Danso, K.; Abaidoo, R. C.; Andoh, L. A.; Drechsel, Pay; Kondrasen, F. 2010.
Bacterial contamination of lettuce and associated risk factors at production sites, markets and street food restaurants in urban and peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana.
Scientific Research and Essays,
5(2):217-223.
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There is increasing evidence that urban grown vegetables in developing countries can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. This is particularly true when wastewater is used in irrigation. The microbiological quality of wastewater grown lettuce on farms, markets and at street food vendor sites were evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms, enterococci and Salmonella using standard methods. Farm irrigation water and market refreshing water (water used in keeping the lettuce fresh) samples were also analysed. Thermotolerant coliforms on lettuce varied from 2.3 × 103 to 9.3 × 108 on farm, 6.0 ×101 to 2.3 × 108 on market and 2.3 × 106 to 2.4 × 109 at street food vendor sites. Indicator bacterial numbers on farm lettuce were higher compared to the irrigation water (1.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 106) used on the farms. Thermotolerant coliform numbers in market refreshing water (9.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 1010) were higher compared to that on the market lettuce. Enterococci numbers on lettuce were lower and ranged from 3.9 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 on farm, 6.0 × 101 to 9.0 × 104 on market and 5.1 × 103 to 2.5 × 106 at street food vendor sites. Salmonella numbers recorded at food vendor sites ranged from 1.5 × 101 to 9.3 × 102. In general, thermotolerant coliforms numbers increased by 18% while enterococci numbers reduced by 64% from the farms to the street foods. Bacterial counts on farm lettuce and irrigation water, market lettuce and refreshing water and street foods all exceeded the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) and International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) standards of 103. Wastewater use on farms and refreshing water in markets could be the main contributors to lettuce contamination and that education on use of effective de-contamination or washing methods before eating will contribute to reducing the risk associated with the consumption of such contaminated foods.
Farmers / Social aspects / Indicators / Microbiological analysis / Health hazards / Risks / Urban areas / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation / Irrigation water / Salmonella / Lettuces / Vegetable growing / Bacteria / Biological contamination
Record No:H044754
Ogilvie, A.; Mahe, G.; Ward, J.; Serpantie, G.; Lemoalle, J.; Morand, P.; Barbier, B.; Diop, A. T.; Caron, A.; Namarra, Regassa; Kaczan, D.; Lukasiewicz, A.; Paturel, J-E.; Lienou, G.; Clanet, J. C. 2010.
Water, agriculture and poverty in the Niger River Basin.
Water International,
35(5):594-622. (Special Issue on quot;Water, Food and Poverty in River Basins, Part 1quot; with contributions by IWMI authors).
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Livelihoods in the Niger River basin rely mainly on rainfed agriculture, except in the dry extreme north. Low yields and water productivity result from low inputs, short growing seasons, dry spells, and excessive water. The overlap of traditional and modern rules impedes secure access to water and investments in agriculture by generating uncertain land tenure. Improved agriculture and water management require technical, sociological, and regulatory changes to address the wider causes of poverty. Illiteracy and poor water quality, both correlated with high infant mortality, are pressing problems. Rapidly increasing population, climatic changes and dam construction contribute to rural vulnerability.
Water poverty / Poverty / Fisheries / Livestock / Institutions / Rainfed farming / Irrigated farming / Water productivity / Water availability / Water resource management / Climate / River basins
Record No:H043335
Fujii, H.; Gumma, M. K.; Thenkabail, P. S.; Namara, Regassa E. 2010.
Suitability evaluation for lowland rice in inland valleys in West Africa. In Japanese.
Transactions of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering,
78(4):47-55
Keywords / Abstract
A GIS based model developed by the authors are applied for selecting suitable rice cultivation area in inland valleys that has high potential for rice production in West Africa where rice consumption is increasing very rapidly. The model has the following features. 1. The model is to evaluate the suitability of the land for lowland rice based on score distribution maps respectively made by the data of 29 evaluation parameters. 2. The parameters are classified into 4 categories; bio-physical, technical, socio-economic and health-environmental parameters. 3. Each scored map(layer)is integrated to obtain total scores by multiplying a weight which is determined by the importance of parameters. The suitability for rice in two study sites was evaluated using the model. Mankran and Jolo-Kwaha watershed selected as the study sites from different agro-ecological zone in Ghana. Applying the data of 12 parameters acquired in the study sites to the model, “very suitable” or “suitable” occupies around 30% in Mankran study site and around 60% in Jolo-Kwaha study site.
GIS / Remote sensing / Rice
Record No:H043176
Boelee, Eline; Rodrigues, L.; Senzanje, A.; Laamrani, H.; Cecchi, P. 2010.
Targeted water quality assessment in small reservoirs in Brazil, Zimbabwe, Morocco and Burkina Faso. [Abstract only].
Geophysical Research Abstracts,
12. 2p.
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Water use / Water pollution / Assessment / Water quality / Reservoirs
Record No:H043115
Gumma, M. K.; Thenkabail, P. S.; Barry, Boubacar. 2010.
Delineating shallow ground water irrigated areas in the Atankwidi Watershed (Northern Ghana, Burkina Faso) using Quickbird 0.61 - 2.44 meter data.
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,
4(7):455-464
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The major goal of this research was to delineate the shallow groundwater irrigated areas (SGI) in the Atankwidi Watershed in the Volta River Basin of West Africa. Shallow ground water irrigation is carried out using very small dug-wells all along the river banks or shallow dug-outs all along the river bed. Each of these dug-wells and dug-outs are highly fragmented small water bodies that irrigate only a fraction of an acre. However, these are contiguous dug-wells and dug-outs that are hundreds or thousands in number. Very high spatial resolution (VHSR) Quickbird imagery (0.61 to 2.44 m) was used to identify: (a) dug-wells that hold small quantities of water in otherwise dry stream; and (b) dug-outs that are just a meter or two in depth but have dug-out soils that are dumped just next to each well. The Quickbird VHSR imagery was found ideal to detect numerous: (i) dug-wells through bright soils that lay next to each dug-well, and (ii) water bodies all along the dry stream bed. We used fusion of 0.61 m Quickbird panchromatic data with 2.44 Quickbird multispectral data to highlight SGI and delineate their boundaries. Once this was achieved, classification techniques using Quickbird imagery was used within the delineated areas to map SGI and other land use/land cover (LULC) areas. Results obtained showed that SGI is practiced on a land area of 387 ha (1.4%), rainfed areas is 15638 ha (54.7%) and the remaining area in other LULC. These results were verified using field-plot data which showed an accuracy of 92% with errors of omissions and commissions less than 10%.
Satellite imagery / Wells / Land cover / Land use / Remote sensing / River basins / Watersheds / Irrigated sites / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043080
Drechsel, Pay; Erni, M. 2010.
Analysing the nexus of sanitation and agriculture at municipal scale.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
23:11-12
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To better understand the linkage between sanitation and agriculture at municipal scale, a study was carried out that addressed the following research questions:- How does a larger investment in flush toilets affect water quality and urban farmers? - How much of the nutrient demand of urban farmers could be covered through waste composting?
Sanitation / Wastewater irrigation / Fertilizer application / Farmers attitudes / Composting / Solid wastes / Urban agriculture
Record No:H042960
Drechsel, Pay; Cofie, Olufunke; Danso, George. 2010.
Closing the rural-urban food and nutrient loops in West Africa: a reality check.
Urban Agriculture Magazine,
23:8-10
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Rapid urbanisation in developing countries intensifies the challenges of making sufficient food available for the increasing urban population, and managing the related waste flow. Unlike in rural communities, there is usually little or no return of food biomass and related nutrients into the food production process. Most waste ends up on landfills or pollutes the urban environment. This is transforming cities into vast nutrient sinks, while the rural production areas are becoming increasingly nutrient deficient.
Nutrients / Composts / Waste management / Food supply / Food production / Rural areas / Urban areas
Record No:H042959
Klinkenberg, Eveline; Onwona-Agyeman, K. A.; McCall, P. J.; Wilson, M. D.; Bates, I.; Verhoeff, F. H.; Barnish, G.; Donnelly, M. J. 2010.
Cohort trial reveals community impact of insecticide-treated nets on malariometric indices in urban Ghana.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,
104(7): 496-503
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in prevention of malaria and anaemia has been shown in rural settings, but their impact in urban settings is unknown. We carried out an ITN intervention in two communities in urban Accra, Ghana, where local malaria transmission is known to occur. There was evidence for a mass or community effect, despite ITN use by fewer than 35% of households. Children living within 300 m of a household with an ITN had higher haemoglobin concentrations (0.5 g/dl higher, P = 0.011) and less anaemia (odds ratio 2.21, 95% CI 1.084.52, P = 0.031 at month 6), than children living more than 300 m away from a household with an ITN, although malaria parasitaemias were similar. With urban populations growing rapidly across Africa, this study shows that ITNs will be an effective tool to assist African countries to achieve their Millennium Development Goals in urban settings.
Urban areas / Community involvement / Anemia / Waterborne diseases / Malaria
Record No:H042950
Erni, M.; Drechsel, Pay; Bader, H. P.; Scheidegger, R.; Zurbruegg, C.; Kipfer, R. 2010.
Bad for the environment, good for the farmer?: urban sanitation and nutrient flows.
Irrigation and Drainage Systems,
24(1-2):113-125 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors)
[DOI]
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Due to poor urban sanitation farmers in and around most cities in developing countries face highly polluted surface water. While the sanitation challenge has obvious implications for environmental pollution and food safety it can also provide ‘free’ nutrients for irrigating farmers. To understand the related dimensions, a box-flow model was used to identify the most important water and nutrient flows for the Ghanaian city of Kumasi, a rapidly growing African city with significant irrigation in its direct vicinity. The analysis focused on nitrogen and phosphorus and was supplemented by a farm based nutrient balance assessment. Results show that the city constitutes a vast nutrient sink that releases considerable nutrients loads in its passing streams, contributing to the eutrophication of downstream waters. However, farmers have for various practical reasons little means and motivation in using this resource of nutrients. This might change under increasing fertilizer prices as the nutrient load will continue to increase by 40% till 2015 assuming a widening gap between population growth and investments in water supply on one side and investments in sanitation on the other. However, even a strong investment into flushing toilets would not reduce environmental pollution due to the dominance of on-site sanitation systems, but instead strongly increase water competition. Key options to reduce the nutrient load would be via optimized waste collection and investment in dry or low-flush toilets. The latter seems also appropriate for the city to meet the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) without increasing water shortages in toilet connected households.
Models / Wastewater irrigation / Water pollution / Nutrients / Phosphorus / Nitrogen / Water balance / Urban areas / Sanitation
Record No:H042834
Van-Rooijen, Daniel J.; Biggs, T. W.; Smout, I.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010.
Urban growth, wastewater production and use in irrigated agriculture: a comparative study of Accra, Addis Ababa and Hyderabad.
Irrigation and Drainage Systems,
24(1-2):53-64 (Special issue with contributions by IWMI authors)
[DOI]
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The relationships between urban development, water resources management and wastewater use for irrigation have been studied in the cities of Accra in Ghana, Addis Ababa in Ethiopia and Hyderabad in India. Large volumes of water are extracted from water sources often increasingly far away from the city, while investments in wastewater management are often lagging behind. The resulting environmental degradation within and downstream of cities has multiple consequences for public health, in particular through the use of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture. Despite significant efforts to increase wastewater treatment, options for safeguarding public health via conventional wastewater treatment alone remain limited to smaller inner-urban watersheds. The new WHO guidelines for wastewater irrigation recognize this situation and emphasize the potential of post- or non-treatment options. Controlling potential health risks will allow urban water managers in all three cities to build on the benefits from the already existing (but largely informal) wastewater reuse, those being the contribution to food security and reduction of fresh water demands.
Developing countries / Urban agriculture / Water scarcity / Water balance / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042832
Lydecker, M.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010.
Urban agriculture and sanitation services in Accra, Ghana: the overlooked contribution.
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,
8(1amp;2):94-103
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
While urban agriculture has long been valued for providing food security and nutrition within cities, it contributes to many other urban services that are seldom cited as rationales for protecting or even expanding urban food production. Articulating the actual and possible contributions of urban agriculture to municipal sanitation and health services is critical for sustaining these urban farms and their functions into the future. In the context of the low coverage and performance of wastewater treatment plants in Accra, Ghana, health risk reduction measures implemented on and off farm can substitute to a large extent for this absence of conventional wastewater treatment. We estimate that Accra generates approximately 80,000,000L of wastewater per day, of which urban vegetable farms alone use up to 11,250,000L. By mitigating the health risks for farmers and consumers associated with widespread wastewater irrigation, these urban farms have the potential to significantly contribute to the city’s sanitation needs. This could allow partial outsourcing of public health services from treatment plants to the farm, where wastewater is considered an asset instead of a problem. Urban agriculture could also significantly support buffer zone management along streams and rivers, resulting in a reduction of solid waste dumping and environmental pollution, but most importantly an improvement in flood control and related public health challenges. While urban agriculture is not the panacea for addressing these urban challenges, it can significantly contribute to their solution.
Pollution control / Waste management / Public health / Sanitation / Wastewater irrigation / Urban agriculture
Record No:H042826
Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Ofosu-Anim, J.; Laryea, K. B.; Forster, D. 2010.
Effect of N-enriched co-compost on transpiration efficiency and water-use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) under controlled irrigation.
Agricultural Water Management,
97(7):9951005
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Population growth, urban expansion and economic development are increasing competition for water use between agriculture and other users. In addition, the high rate of soil degradation and declining soil moisture in the Sub-Saharan African Region have called for several crop production management and irrigation options to improve soil fertility, reduce water use by crops and produce ‘more crops per drop of water’. Notwithstanding this, considerable variations exist in the literature on water-use efficiency, WUEcwu (economic yield per water used) for maize (Zea mays L.) across climates and soil management practices. Different views have been expressed on the effect of different rates of nitrogen (N) application on transpiration efficiency, TE (biomass produced per unit ofwater transpired). The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of different rates of N-enriched municipal waste co-compost and its derivatives on TE, WUEcwu and yield of maize (Z. mays L.) in comparison to inorganic fertiliser. The greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in Accra, Ghana on a sandy loam soil (Ferric Lixisol) using a split plot design. The main plot treatmentswere soil (S), dewatered faecal sludge(DFS), municipal solidwaste compost (C),co-compost from municipal solid waste and dewatered faecal sludge (Co), compost enriched with (NH4)2SO4 (EC), co-compost enriched with (NH4)2SO4 (ECO), (NH4)2SO4 and NPK151515 + (NH4)2SO4. The sub-plot treatments were different rates of application of nitrogen fertiliser applied at the rate of 91, 150 and 210 kg N ha1 respectively. Maize cv. Abelehii was grown in a poly bag filledwith 15 kg soil. Eight plants per treatment were selected randomly and used for the collection of data on growth parameters forth-nightly. At physiological maturity two plants per treatment were also selected randomly from each treatment plot for yield data. The results showed that TE of maize (Z. mays) varied for the different treatments and these are 6.9 Pa in soil (S) alone to 8.6 Pa in ECO. Increase in N application rate increased TE at the vegetative phase for fast nutrient releasing fertilisers (DFS, ECO, EC, NPK + (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2SO4) and at the reproductive phase for slow nutrient releasing fertilisers (C and CO). Water-use efficiency increased significantly as rate of N application increased. Treatment ECO improved crop WUEcwu and was 11% and 4 times higher than that forNPK + (NH4)2SO4 or soil alone; and 1836% higher than those for DFS and CO. Treatment ECO used less amount of water to produce drymatter yield (DMY) and grain yield (GY) that was 5.2%and 12.6%, respectively, higher thanNPK + (NH4)2SO4. Similarly, the DMY and GY for ECO was 8.918.5% and 23.434.7%, respectively, higher than DFS and CO. High nutrient (N and K) uptake, TE, and low leaf senescence accounts for 83% of the variations in DMY whereas WUEcwu accounts for 99% of the variations in GY. Thus, the study concluded that different sources of fertiliser increased TE and WUEcwu
Maize / Crop production / Water use efficiency / Irrigated farming
Record No:H042817
Labite, H.; Lunani, I.; van der Steen, P.; Vairavamoorthy, K.; Drechsel, Pay; Lens, P. 2010.
Quantitative microbial risk analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana.
Journal of Water and Health,
8(3):417-430
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
A quantitative microbial risk assessment was applied to evaluate the microbial risks of the Accra Urban Water System (AUWS). The exposure assessment was based on the count of indicator organisms in waste water from open roadside drains and in water and sand samples from the beach. The predicted total disease burden generated in a representative catchment of the AUWS (Odaw Catchment) was 36,329 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year, of which 12% and 88% are caused by, respectively, shortcomings in the water supply system and inappropriate sanitation. The DALYs per person per year were above the WHO reference value. The open roadside drain had the highest contribution to the disease burden. Of four possible interventions evaluated for health risk reduction, the highest efficiency in terms of DALYs averted per euro invested are achieved by providing covers for the open roadside drains.
Urban areas / Sanitation / Water supply / Public health / Diseases / Pathogens / Health hazards / Risk analysis
Record No:H042752
Germer, J.; Boh. M. Y.; Schoeffler, M.; Amoah, Philip. 2010.
Temperature and deactivation of microbial faecal indicators during small scale co-composting of faecal matter.
Waste Management,
30:185-191
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Small scale co-composting of faecal matter from dry toilet systems with shredded plant material and food waste was investigated in respect to heat development and deactivation of faecal indicators under tropical semiarid conditions. Open (uncovered) co-composting of faecal matter with shredded plant material alone did not generate temperatures high enough (lt;55 C) to reduce the indicators sufficiently. The addition of food waste and confinement in chambers, built of concrete bricks and wooden boards, improved the composting process significantly. Under these conditions peak temperatures of up to 70 C were achieved and temperatures above 55 C were maintained over 2 weeks. This temperature and time is sufficient to comply with international composting regulations. The reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella senftenberg in test containment systems placed in the core of the compost piles was very efficient, exceeding 5 log10-units in all cases, but recolonisation from the cooler outer layers appeared to interfere with the sanitisation efficiency of the substrate itself. The addition of a stabilisation period by extending the composting process to over 4 months ensured that the load of E. coli was reduced to less than 103 cfug and salmonella were undetectable.
Vegetation / Food wastes / Faeces / Experiments / Composting
Record No:H042622
Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Koranteng, R. T. 2010.
Fourth Ghana Dams Forum, theme: Empowering multi stakeholder platforms - consolidating the Ghana Dams Dialogue, Accra, Ghana, 12 October 2010.
: Accra, Ghana: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Accra, Ghana: Volta Basin Development Foundation (VBDF) 57p.
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Irrigation water / Electricity generation / Catchment areas / Dams
Record No:H043579
Karimov, Akmal; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Aulchaev, T.; Borisov, V. 2010.
Transformation of a negative impact of upstream irrigation and the benefits for downstream water users: an example of Ferghana Valley. In Russian.
In Proceedings of the Republican Scientific Practical Conference on Efficient Agricultural Water Use and Tropical Issues in Land Reclamation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 10-11 November 2010. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources; Tashkent, Uzbekistan: International Water Management Institute; Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Scientific Information Center of Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SANIIRI). pp.129-138
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Water users / Downstream / Upstream / Irrigation water
Record No:H043571
Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Manthrithilake, Herath; Mirzaev, N.; Wegerich, Kai; Jumaboev, Kahramon; Anarbekov, Oyture. 2010.
Participatory water governance: lessons from the Ferghana Valley.
In Proceedings of the Republican Scientific Practical Conference on Efficient Agricultural Water Use and Tropical Issues in Land Reclamation, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 10-11 November 2010. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources; Tashkent, Uzbekistan: International Water Management Institute; Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Scientific Information Center of Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (SANIIRI). pp.36-43
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Irrigation canals / Institutional reform / Water user associations / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Water governance
Record No:H043556
Acheampong, Ernest Nti; Venot, Jean-Philippe. 2010.
Water user associations in northern Ghana: from institutional panacea to reality check.
Paper presented at the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) Annual Seminar, Closing the Knowledge Gap: Integrated Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2226 November 2010. 9p.
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Small reservoirs development in Ghana dates back to the post-independence era. Small reservoirs were meant at providing water for livestock, mitigating the impacts of recurrent drought, increasing food security, and reducing poverty. These small reservoirs are mostly located in Northern Ghana and have become an integral component of the communities they serve by supporting multiple livelihood strategies (livestock, fishing, irrigation and domestic use). In the mid-1990s and early 2000s, several donor-led development projects invested in rehabilitating and upgrading these small reservoirs through the inclusion of canal irrigation infrastructures. Most projects established water users associations (WUAs) that were aimed at ensuring sustainable management of the upgraded schemes. The underlying hypothesis was that local communities tend to have greater incentives than external actors to maintain their natural resources base. Organizing local farmers in a WUA would then increase their sense of ownership, leading to better performance of the system. Evidence from northern Ghana showed that WUAs have had mixed results. There is evidence of some WUAs having positive impacts. However, it is also clear that most WUAs fail to live up to expectation. This paper argues that the relative failure of WUAs is mostly due to the implementation approach that was adopted for their establishment during past development projects, specifically, the lack of attention given to the complex social fabric and the multiple actors and livelihood strategies that organized around small reservoirs. Past development projects re-iterated the model of “technology transfer” but, this time, by promoting an “institutional fix”. Government and donors should not only invest in infrastructure rehabilitation but also in soft components (organization, capacity, extension) that need to be embedded in the local social fabric.
Water user associations / Technology transfer / Irrigation programs / Reservoirs / Development projects
Record No:H043480
Levite, Herve. 2010.
The difficult water sharing in the upper Comoe Basin, Burkina Faso. [Abstract only].
In ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). CTA Annual Seminar, Closing the Knowledge Gap: Integrated Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2226 November 2010. Abstracts. Wageningen, Netherlands: ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). pp.29
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Farmers / Constraints / Water allocation / Irrigation schemes / Dams / River basins
Record No:H043477
Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Yakubov, Murat; Wegerich, Kai. 2010.
Success and limitations of local cooperation on small transboundary rivers within the Ferghana Valley. [Abstract only].
In Regional Research Network, Water in Central Asia (CAWa). International Scientific Symposium, Water in Central Asia, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 24-26 November 2010. Volume of abstracts. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Regional Research Network, Water in Central Asia (CAWa). pp.72.
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International cooperation / International waters / River basins
Record No:H043471
Jumaboev, Kahramon; Eshmuratov, Davron; Anarbekov, Oyture. 2010.
Opportunities for improved water productivity on-farm level in the selected farms along South Ferghana Canal. [Abstract only].
In Regional Research Network, Water in Central Asia (CAWa). International Scientific Symposium, Water in Central Asia, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 24-26 November 2010. Volume of abstracts. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Regional Research Network, Water in Central Asia (CAWa). pp.32.
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Models / Water productivity / Irrigation water / Agricultural production / Irrigated farming
Record No:H043468
Levite, Herve; Sally, Hilmy; Ouedraogo, C. 2010.
Initial achievements of the West Africa Irrigation Project (WAIPRO) to revitalise irrigation schemes in the Sahel. [Abstract only].
In ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). CTA Annual Seminar, Closing the Knowledge Gap: Integrated Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2226 November 2010. Abstracts. Wageningen, Netherlands: ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). pp.19
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Rehabilitation / Irrigation schemes / Irrigation programs
Record No:H043466
Xenarios, Stefanos; McCartney, Matthew. 2010.
Economic and environmental related aspects of water storage in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Abstract only].
In ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). CTA Annual Seminar, Closing the Knowledge Gap: Integrated Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2226 November 2010. Abstracts. Wageningen, Netherlands: ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). pp.12
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Decision making / Cost benefit analysis / Irrigation water / Water storage
Record No:H043380
Mapedza, Everisto; Ofosu, E. A.; van Koppen, Barbara; van der Zaag, P.; Namara, Regassa E.; Barry, Boubacar. 2010.
Gendered access to shallow wells and riverine alluvial dugouts in the upper east region of Ghana. [Abstract only].
In Abstracts of the “Toward Sustainable Groundwater in Agriculture - An International Conference Linking Science and Policy,” Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, California , USA, 15-17 June 2010. Davis, CA, USA: University of California; Sacramento, CA, USA: Water Education Foundation. pp.96
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The limit of rain fed agriculture is one of the major causes for poor agricultural performance in Sub-Saharan Africa, due to the prevailing climatic conditions. If these challenges are further juxtaposed with the climate change projections, irrigation then becomes a key solution to such agricultural challenges of changing rainfall amounts and seasonal rainfall variability in the Upper East region of Ghana. The extreme variability in rainfall, long dry seasons and recurrent droughts, floods and dry spells pose key challenges to food production and has resulted in hunger and poverty in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The practice of irrigated agriculture remains a key solution to hunger and poverty reduction in this area. As a result the area has seen a significant upscaling of irrigation using shallow groundwater and surface water with appropriate technologies within the past 15 years. This study used a gendered approach to assess how poverty alleviation through the use of shallow wells and riverine dugouts have differential access for men and women. Whilst it is often argued that water based interventions to reduce poverty need to be gender sensitive this research looked at whether the underground water irrigation technologies are accessible to both men and women. This paper is part of a hydraulic rights creation project in the broader Volta Basin. This study looked at how both men and women appropriate water resources for their benefit. This study concludes that shallow ground water technologies have to be grounded within the gendered production systems and tenurial arrangements which largely determine whether one benefits from water extraction technologies or not. In rural Africa where the majority of the poor households are de facto or de jure female headed, this paper proposes mechanisms for empowering women to benefit from ground water based irrigation.
Rural poverty / Women / Gender / Wells / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043199
Namara, Regassa E. 2010.
Autonomous smallholder shallow groundwater irrigation development in upper east region of Ghana. [Abstract only].
In Abstracts of the “Toward Sustainable Groundwater in Agriculture - An International Conference Linking Science and Policy,” Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, California , USA, 15-17 June 2010. Davis, CA, USA: University of California; Sacramento, CA, USA: Water Education Foundation. pp.112
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In sub-Saharan Africa in general, and in Ghana in particular, groundwater resource is associated with domestic use. There is paucity of information on groundwater resource potentials and the limited information that is available based on data from specific aquifers indicates a pessimistic view about the groundwater resources in Ghana. Moreover, the agricultural use of groundwater is not reflected in the country’s water and irrigation policy. Contrary to the official knowledge, farmers have started using shallow groundwater to produce horticultural crops. In Upper East region, the groundwater infrastructure is developed using extremely rudimentary digging/drilling technologies banking on the abundant human labor during the long dry season. This paper analyzes: (1) the economics of smallholder groundwater irrigation; (2) food security and poverty outreach of access to groundwater resource; and (3) constraints and opportunities of smallholder groundwater irrigation systems. The paper is based on data generated from 420 farmers in 35 communities distributed in three micro-watersheds of the White Volta basin in the Upper East region of Ghana. These communities are divided into 2,085 compounds harboring 4,576 households and 20,962 people. Of the total 4,576 households found in the area, about 61 percent are practicing irrigation of one sort or the other. Of those practicing irrigation, about 89.9 percent are using shallow groundwater. The rest are using small dams, river and drainage water. Even though the agricultural use of groundwater had significant positive livelihood impacts, further development and productivity is constrained by complex land tenure issues, lack of access to efficient drilling technology, marketing challenges, and the general lack of official support services such as extension and micro-credits.
Food security / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043195
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2010.
Burkina Faso National Consultation.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 2p.
(AgWater Solutions, Project Stakeholder Consultation Summary Series)
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Smallholders / Pumps / Reservoirs
Record No:H044929
AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project). 2010.
Ghana situation analysis. Based on a report by Regassa Namara. The report was compiled from regional reports by Lesley Hope, Busia Nambu Dawuni, Benedictus Agbeko, Ebenezer Appiah, Asare Mintah, Eric Sarpong Owusu, Wilson Agyei Agyare, Bernard Keraita, G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic, B. Z. Gandaa and M. Akuriba.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). AgWater Solutions Project (Agricultural Water Solutions Project) 4p.
(AgWater Solutions, Agricultural Water Management National Situation Analysis Brief)
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Irrigation schemes / Irrigation systems / Wells
Record No:H044158
International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2010.
Sharing water equitably in the Ferghana Valley, Central Asia.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 2p.
(IWMI Success Stories 001)
[DOI]
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Irrigation management / Farmer-agency interactions / Water user associations / Water conservation / Water supply
Record No:H043315
Hoanh, Chu Thai; Szuster, B. W.; Kam, S. P.; Ismail, A. M; Noble, Andrew D. 2010.
Tropical deltas and coastal zones: food production, communities and environment at the land-water interface.
: Wallingford, UK: CABI; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish Center; Los Banos, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific; Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) 477p.
(Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 9)
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Food security / Food production / Salinity / Cropping systems / Coastal area / Rice / Fisheries / Aquaculture
Record No:H043045
Otchere-Labri, T.; Cofie, Olufunke. 2010.
Gradual institutionalization of urban agriculture in Accra, Ghana.
In Dubbeling, M.; de Zeeuw, H.; van Veenhuizen, R. Cities, poverty and food: multi-stakeholder policy and planning in urban agriculture. Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing. pp.80-87.
Keywords
Stakeholders / Corporate culture / Urban agriculture
Record No:H043943
Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Drechsel, Pay; Dissanayake, Priyanka; Maxwell, Akple S. 2010.
Soil and crop contamination through wastewater irrigation and options for risk reduction in developing countries.
In Dion, P. (Ed.). Soil biology and agriculture in the tropics. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. pp.498-535
Keywords / Abstract
Wastewater irrigation is becoming a global phenomenon, as a result of global water scarcity and increased pollution of water sources. While this practice offers many opportunities, human health risks from contaminated soils and crops irrigated with wastewater pose the greatest challenges to this practice. In this chapter, contaminants in wastewater of most relevance to soil and crop, such as pathogens, heavy metals and other organic contaminants as well as the related human health and environmental risks are discussed. There is a general consensus that untreated wastewater contaminates soils and crops and poses health risks, however the threats vary widely. While wastewater treatment is the best choice to address this problem, a number of low-cost technological options and health protection measures exist to address the contamination challenges especially in developing countries. These include irrigation methods, farm-based measures for improving water quality, choice of crop, water application techniques, soil phytoremediation, zoning and post-harvest measures. For comprehensive risk reduction, a combination of these measures is recommended especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not feasible.
Filtration / Reservoirs / Water storage / Inorganic compounds / Organic compounds / Heavy metals / Crops / Pathogens / Health hazards / Public health / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042644
Karg, H.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; Jeitler, R. 2010.
Facilitating the adoption of food-safety interventions in the street-food sector and on farms.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.319-335. (Also in French).
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This chapter discusses the implementation challenges of the WHO Guidelines on safe wastewater use pertaining to the adoption of the so-called ‘post-treatment’ or ‘non-treatment’ options, like safer irrigation practices or appropriate vegetablewashing in kitchens. Due to limited risk awareness and immediate benefits of wastewater irrigation, it is unlikely that a broad adoption of recommended practices will automatically follow revised policies or any educational campaign and training. Most of the recommended practices do not only require behaviourchange but might also increase operational costs. In such a situation, significant efforts are required to explore how conventional and/or social marketing can support the desired behaviour-change towards the adoption of safety practices. This will require new strategic partnerships and a new section in the WHO Guidelines. This chapter outlines the necessary steps and considerations for increasing the adoption probability, and suggests a framework which is based on a combination of social marketing, incentive systems, awareness creation/education and application of regulations. An important conclusion is that these steps require serious accompanying research of the target group, strongly involving social sciences, which should not be underestimated in related projects.
Guidelines / Vegetables / Wastewater irrigation / Social behaviour / Public health / Restaurants / Food safety
Record No:H042616
Seidu, R.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoeal disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.261-283. (Also in French).
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Interventions proposed and implemented for the mitigation of diarrhoeal diseases associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture have received little, if any, comparative assessment of their cost-effectiveness. This chapter assesses the costs, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the so-called ‘treatment’ and ‘non- or post-treatment’ interventions as well as a combination of these for wastewater irrigation in urban Ghana using an approach that integrates quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). The cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) for the treatment and non-treatment interventions assessed ranged from US$31/DALY to US$812/DALY averted. Risk-reduction measures targeting farming practices and the basic rehabilitation of local wastewater treatment plants were the most attractive interventions with a CER well below the threshold of US$150/DALY, sometimes considered as the upper limit for a health intervention to be cost-effective in developing countries. All combinations associated with the basic rehabilitation of the treatment plants, with either on-farm or post-harvest interventions or both, resulted in CERs within the range of US$40/DALY to US$57/DALY. However, the CERs for the construction of a new wastewater treatment plant either as an independent intervention or in combination with on-farm and post-harvest interventions were unattractive in view of health-risk reduction for wastewater irrigation. Although attractive, the CERs of non-treatment options are largely dependent on compliance (adoption) by farmers and food vendors. In this regard, the CER increased by almost fivefold when the adoption rate was only 25 per cent by farmers and food vendors; but was attractive as long as adoption rates did not fall below 70 per cent. On the other hand, the success of the treatment option depends on the functionality of the treatment plants which is not without challenges in a country like Ghana. Thus, this chapter stresses the need for a balanced risk-management approach through a combination of treatment and non-treatment interventions to hedge against failures that may affect CERs at any end. While this chapter provides a contribution to the debate on interventions for health-risk mitigation in wastewater irrigation, more case studies would be useful to verify the data presented here.
Risk assessment / Health hazards / Diarrhoea / Diseases / Leaf vegetables / Lettuces / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042613
Ilic, S.; Drechsel, Pay; Amoah, Philip; LeJeune, J. T. 2010.
Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater irrigated vegetables.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.239-259. (Also in French).
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Post-harvest interventions are an important component of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction of wastewater-irrigated crops as recommended by the 2006 edition of the WHO Guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation. This approach draws on principles of other risk-management approaches, in particular the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept. Post-harvest measures are of particular importance as they can address possible on-farm precontamination, and also contamination that may occur after the crops leave the farm. Key factors influencing microbial contamination along the farm to fork pathway are basic hygiene and temperature management. Both factors are, however, hardly under control in most developing countries where microbial contamination and proliferation are supported by low education, limited risk awareness, rudimentary technical infrastructure and unenforced regulations. In the face of these challenges, the most successful strategies to enhance food safety will involve interventions at multiple control points along the production chain, with emphasis on local safety targets and innovative educational programmes fitting local knowledge, culture and risk perceptions. The WHO (2006) recommended health-based targets for risk reduction in wastewater irrigation provide the required flexibility for risk mitigation in line with the concept of food-safety objectives (FSO).
Disinfection / Food safety / Risk assessment / Vegetables / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042612
Keraita, Bernard; Konradsen, F.; Drechsel, Pay. 2010.
Farm-based measures for reducing microbiological health risks for consumers from informal wastewater-irrigated agriculture.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.189-207. (Also in French).
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This chapter presents farm-based measures that have been developed and tested in the informal irrigation sector to reduce microbiological health risks for consumers from wastewater irrigation of vegetables commonly eaten uncooked. The measures target poor smallholder farmers or farmer associations in developing countries as part of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction along the farm to fork pathway. Measures discussed include treatment of irrigation water using ponds, filters and wetland systems; water application techniques; irrigation scheduling; and crop selection. In addition, the chapter highlights some practical strategies to implement these measures, based largely on field experiences in Ghana. Although most measures discussed do not fully eliminate possible health risks, they can significantly complement other pathogen barriers. Which measures fit, either alone or in combination, will depend on local site characteristics and practices. Further studies are required to develop new measures or adapt them to other irrigation practices and systems in developing countries.
Developing countries / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation practices / Ponds / Water storage / Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Vegetables / Health hazards / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H042610
Kone, D.; Cofie, Olufunke O.; Nelson, K. 2010.
Low-cost options for pathogen reduction and nutrient recovery from faecal sludge.
In Drechsel, Pay; Scott, C. A.; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Redwood, M.; Bahri, Akissa (Eds.). Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigating risk in low-income countries. London, UK: Earthscan; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre (IDRC); Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). pp.171-188. (Also in French).
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Recently, the application of excreta-based fertilizers has attracted attention due to the strongly increasing prices of chemically produced fertilizers. Faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems is rich in nutrients and organic matter, constituents which contribute to replenishing the humus layer and soil nutrient reservoir and to improving soil structure and water-holding capacity. Hence, it represents an important resource for enhancing soil productivity on a sustainable basis. However, there is little in the scientific literature about the performance of treatment technology allowing recovery of nutrient resources from human waste. This paper reviews the state of knowledge of different processes that have been applied worldwide. Their pathogen removal efficiency as well as nutrient and biosolids recovery performances are assessed. The chapter outlines the gaps in research for further development.
Composting / Sanitation / Nutrients / Control methods / Pathogens / Composting / Recycling / Excreta / Biofertilizers
Record No:H042609
Boelee, Eline; Cecchi, P.; Kone, A. 2009.
Health impacts of small reservoirs in Burkina Faso.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 40p.
(IWMI Working Paper 136)
[DOI]
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In Burkina Faso, at least 1,700 small reservoirs have been constructed, most of them during the last 30 years. Numerous and scattered, these beneficial multipurpose systems combine productive with domestic water uses. However, their environmental and health impacts remain insufficiently documented. This report combines data from different sources into syntheses and national maps, with a focus on water-related diseases. The mitigation of negative impacts requires an integrated approach to specifically identify the enhancing and limiting factors that influence environmental impacts and the transmission of diseases around reservoirs. Public awareness campaigns need to accompany the promotion of preventive and curative measures and the development of alternative water sources for domestic supply.
Water policy / Control methods / Schistosomiasis / Malaria / Waterborne diseases / Environmental effects / Water resources development / River basins / Health hazards / Reservoirs
Record No:H042654
Cofie, Olufunke; Kone, D. 2009.
Co-composting faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi, Ghana: case study of sustainable sanitation projects.
In Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Compilation of 24 SuSanA case studies: pre-print for the 10th SuSanA meeting. Eschborn, Germany: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). pp.21:1-7
(SuSanA Case Studies of Sustainable Sanitation Projects)
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Maintenance / Operations / Urban agriculture / Organic fertilizers / Techniques / Composting / Solid wastes / Sewage sludge / Excreta / Sanitation
Record No:H042721
Abaidoo, R. C.; Keraita, Bernard; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Bakang, J.; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G; Konradsen, F.; Agyekum, W.; Klutse, A. 2009.
Safeguarding public health concerns, livelihoods and productivity in wastewater irrigated urban and periurban vegetable farming.
Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) 80p.
(CPWF Project Report 38)
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The goal of the project was to develop integrated and user-oriented strategies to safeguard public health concerns without compromising livelihoods and land and water productivity in wastewater irrigated urban and peri-urban vegetable farming. In this project, assessment of land and water productivity in wastewater irrigated farming was done, levels of contamination on irrigation water and vegetables quantified at different levels along the food chain (farms, markets and consumer level) and appropriate lowcost risk reduction strategies identified and participatory testing done with stakeholders at farm and consumer levels. A large number of students were involved in the project, significantly building human capacity.
Research projects / Public health / Models / Productivity / Wastewater irrigation / Urban areas / Vegetable growing
Record No:H044042
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2009.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
4. 8p.
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Climate change / Dams
Record No:H042820
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2009.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
3. 8p.
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Settlement / Biodiversity / Environmental effects / Social aspects / Water power / Dams
Record No:H042819
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2009.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
2. 8p.
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Dams
Record No:H042479
Akoto-Danso, Edmund Kyei; Raschid-Sally, Liqa; Koranteng, R. T. 2009.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter: a quarterly publication of the Ghana Dams Forum.
Ghana Dams Dialogue Newsletter,
1. 8p.
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Dams
Record No:H042474
Adeoti, A.; Barry, Boubacar; Namara, Regassa; Kamara , A. 2009.
The impact of treadle pump irrigation technology adoption on poverty in Ghana.
Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,
15(4):357-369
Keywords / Abstract
Treadle pump (TP) technology has been promoted by Enterprise Works in West Africa as an alternative to the traditional rope and bucket irrigation. The aim is to improve output and incomes and reduce poverty among farm households. This paper reports a short term (two years) assessment of the dynamics of its adoption and impacts, with a special focus on poverty reduction. Data used were from primary surveys of adopters and non-adopters of treadle pumps in two regions of Ghana. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary and production function analysis. The results of the study reveal that time and labor savings for irrigation were the major attractive features of the treadle pump for those who adopted it. The difference in net income between adopters and non-adopters was about US$393 per hectare, with an increase in land and labor productivities. About 21% stopped the use of the treadle pump because it broke down, while about 10% shifted to motorized pumping. The study shows that adoption of treadle pumps reduces poverty. It is recommended that increased collaboration with local institutions, such as extension services, will improve the transfer of treadle pump technology to farmers. After-sales service and training of farmers on repairs could reduce treadle pump abandonment. This paper is original as it compares the factors that affect adoption and non-adoption of treadle pumps. It also reveals reasons for abandonment. A multivariate analysis was used to examine the productivity impact of adoption.
Poverty / Farm income / Crop production / Irrigated farming / Irrigation equipment / Manual pumps
Record No:H043203
Fujii, H.; Dawuni, B.; Kulawardhana, Wasantha; Thenkabail, P. S.; Namara, Regassa E. 2009.
Features of river flow in inland valleys in semi-deciduous forest zone in Ghana.
Transactions of the Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage and Rural Engineering,
77(6):637-644
Keywords / Abstract
There are about 2.8 million ha of inland valleys in Ghana and 20 million ha of inland valley in West Africa. Although inland valleys are suitable for lowland rice due to the abundance of water resources and higher soil fertility compared with the upland, they have not been well utilized as agricultural land in West Africa. Further utilization of inland valley for lowland rice will improve the productivity of rice in West Africa. In this study water resources of small rivers in inland valleys in West Africa are evaluated. Two study watersheds with 1,400-1,500mm of annual rainfall in Semi-Deciduous Forest Zone in Ghana were selected and analyzed on slope distribution in the study watershed to grasp suitable area for lowland rice and on hydrological characteristics such as specific discharge and runoff ratio. The following findings are obtained from the study. 1) Most of the rivers in the study watershed are seasonal rivers. Non-flow period of some rivers were shown for around five months from middle of December to early May. However the term of non-flow period varies much depending on characteristics of sub-watersheds. 2) Runoff ratio for 5 years from 2000 to 2004 in Offinso watershed which is a typical watershed in semi deciduous forest zone in Ghana was indicated only 12%. It ranges from 0.08 to 0.16 depending on the year. The monthly runoff ratio indicated little value in March, April and May which is beginning of rainy season and high value in November and December which is beginning of dry season. 3) The gentle slope area with less than 2%, which seems suitable area for lowland rice, occupies 22 % of inland valley.
Rice / Forest land / Runoff / Hydrology / Stream flow / Rivers / Watersheds
Record No:H043148
Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay; Schuetz, Tonya; Kranjac-Berisavjevic, G.; Manning-Thomas, Nadia. 2009.
From world cafes to road shows: using a mix of knowledge sharing approaches to improve wastewater use in urban agriculture.
Knowledge Management for Development Journal,
5(3):246-262
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
This paper documents the application of several innovative knowledge sharing approaches and some of the lessons learnt in a project addressing food safety concerns deriving from wastewater irrigated vegetables in Ghana. Knowledge sharing activities received particular attention in the project to facilitate its impact pathway, in particular to (i) verify preliminary research messages on good practices, (ii) raise awareness and build capacity, and (iii) equip various stakeholder groups with knowledge, skills and materials. Key approaches and tools applied were the world caf approach for the verification of research messages. The approach brought together farmers, traders and street food vendors to openly discuss proposed improvements in current practices and their potential for wider uptake. For targetoriented message dissemination multi-media training materials were prepared following recommendations from the intended users, like extension agents, catering and farmer field schools. The materials made use of local-language radio broadcasts, training and awareness videos, illustrated flip charts showing good and bad practices for wastewater use and improved teaching materials. Finally, for enhanced mutual learning so called road Shows were used to facilitate knowledge sharing between researchers, end-users, policy- and decision-makers. These allowed all stakeholders to follow the pathogen pathway from farm to fork while learning about the importance of well-identified intervention points and mutual responsibility. All applied approaches added significant value to the research work and facilitated its impact potential as first feedback shows. However, the applied tools do not come for free. They require careful preparations, the ability to listen and skillful facilitation.
Wastewater irrigation / Urban agriculture / Wastewater management / Education / Guidelines / Best practices / Markets / Farmers / Stakeholders / Food safety / Information dissemination
Record No:H042738
Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Forster, D. 2009.
Economic impact of N-enriched excreta-based co-compost (Comlizer) on maize production in Ghana. Urban Agricultur.
Sandec News,
July 2009, 10:17
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Poor soil fertility is a key factor limiting crop production in many parts of the tropics. Nitrogenenriched waste products have the potential to improve crop yield on depleted soils and provide high financial returns.
Faeces / Organic fertilizers / Costs / Excreta / Composts / Maize / Economic impact
Record No:H042725
Rajot, J. L.; Karambiri, H.; Ribolzi, Olivier; Planchon, O.; Thiebaux, Jean-Pierre. 2009.
Interaction entre erosions hydrique et eolienne sur sols sableux patures au Sahel: cas du bassin-versant de Katchari au nord du Burkina Faso. In French.
Secheresse,
20(1):131-138
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In the Sahel, sandy soils are widespread and support not only most of the pearl millet production, the major staple crop in the region, but also grass production for livestock. Parent sediments of these soils have an aeolian origin and are hence prone to wind erosion. Still, their clay content, even though very low, allows physical crust formation during rainfall leading to runoff and water erosion. Squall lines, major rainfall events of the rainy season, are usually preceded by intense wind. Wind and water erosions are therefore closely associated in both time and space, but they are rarely studied simultaneously. Erosion measurements were performed for two years (2001, 2002) on a small catchment of grazing land (1,4 ha) at Katchari, Burkina Faso, a location typical of the Sahel area with under 500 mm annual rainfall. Wind erosion occurs at the onset of the rainy season, from May to 15th of July, when soil cover is the lowest and before the growth of vegetation. On this non-cultivated area, the same dynamic unfolds as that recorded in millet fields in other sahelian studies. Water erosion occurs throughout the rainy season, but certain intense events produce most of the total annual erosion. Wind causes the largest sediment fluxes leading to both erosion (up to 20 Mg/ha per year) and deposition (up to 30 Mg/ha per year) depending on the area in the catchment. Water erosion is one order of magnitude lower than wind erosion and is more intense where wind erosion is highest. Hence, the same area is eroded by both wind and water. Conversely, areas where aeolian deposition occurs are less affected by water erosion and correspond to fertile islands where vegetation grows. From this study, it comes out that there is on the whole no land degradation at the catchment scale, but an intense aeolian and water dynamic leading to substantial spatial variability typical of sahelian landscapes.
Sandy soils / Water erosion / Water erosion
Record No:H042653
de Condappaa, D.; Chaponniere, Anne; Lemoalle, J. 2009.
A decision-support tool for water allocation in the Volta Basin.
Water International,
34(1):71-87
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The first version of a decision-support tool (DST) for the management of the transboundary water resource of the Volta Basin is presented in this article. The DST coupled a hydrologic model with the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) water-allocation model. It was calibrated and validated by reproducing observed river flows and water stored in the hydropower reservoirs, respectively. It considered the impact of possible future climate changes (potentially critical) and the development of upstream small reservoirs (leading to upstreamdownstream trade-offs) on the Akosombo hydropower scheme. This DST may foster transboundary dialogue for the integrated management of the basin’s water resources.
Climate change / Electrical energy / Water power / Irrigation water / Reservoirs / Water use / Water allocation / Calibration / Models / Decision support tools / Hydrology / River basins
Record No:H042311
Cook, Simon E.; Fisher, M. J.; Andersson, M. S.; Rubiano, J.; Giordano, Mark. 2009.
Water, food and livelihoods in river basins.
Water International,
34(1):13-29
[DOI]
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Conflicting demands for food and water, exacerbated by increasing population, increase the risks of food insecurity, poverty and environmental damage in major river systems. Agriculture remains the predominant water user, but the linkage between water, agriculture and livelihoods is more complex than “water scarcity increases poverty”. The response of both agricultural and non-agricultural systems to increased pressure will affect livelihoods. Development will be constrained in closed basins if increased demand for irrigation deprives other users or if existing agricultural use constrains non-agricultural activities and in open basins if agriculture cannot feed an expanding or changing population or if the river system loses capacity due to degradation or over-exploitation.
Land degradation / Food security / Food shortages / Food production / Water productivity / Irrigated farming / Water scarcity / Water stress / River basins / Water use / Poverty
Record No:H042309
Adamtey, Noah; Cofie, Olufunke; Ofosu-Budu, G. K.; Danso, S. K. A.; Forster, D. 2009.
Production and storage of N-enriched co-compost.
Waste Management,
29:2429-2436
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
Recovery of the organic fraction of municipal waste for peri-urban agriculture could contribute to the improvement of environmental sanitation and increase agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, municipal waste co-compost (Co) has low nitrogen (N) content. Therefore, this study investigated the type and form of inorganic N fertiliser that is capable of improving the nitrogen content of Co and monitored the changes in the properties of this N-enriched product under storage. To attain 30,000 mg kg1 (3%) N content, different amounts of urea or ammonium sulphate were applied in various forms (dry, paste and liquid) to enrich Co. The product termed comlizer was stored and its moisture, pH, total nitrogen, NHþ4 -N, NO3 N, and C/N ratio were monitored under ambient conditions for two years. In the first four months of storage, total N content of 50 kg Co + 3.26 kg urea (CoUD) increased from 31,333 to 54,000 mg kg1, and 50 kg Co + 7.14 kg (NH4)2SO4 (CoASD) from 35,333 to 52,000 mg kg1. At the end of two years of storage, the initial N content of CoUD and CoASD decreased by 47% and 24%, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that dry (NH4)2SO4 should be used in N enrichment of Co, and that the comlizer should be stored in sealed bags but not more than four months.
Health hazards / Farmers / Heavy metals / Nitrogen fertilizers / Inorganic fertilizers / Urban agriculture / Urea / Excreta / Fertilizers / Techniques / Production / Composting / Composts / Solid wastes / Household wastes / Urban wastes / Waste management
Record No:H042259
Gumma, Murali Krishna; Thenkabail, P. S.; Fujii, Hideto; Namara, Regassa. 2009.
Spatial models for selecting the most suitable areas of rice cultivation in the Inland Valley Wetlands of Ghana using remote sensing and geographic information systems.
Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,
3(1):21p.
[DOI]
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The overarching goal of this research was to develop spatial models and demonstrate their use in selecting the most suitable areas for the inland valley (IV) wetland rice cultivation. The process involved comprehensive sets of methods and protocols involving: (1) Identification and development of necessary spatial data layers; (2) Providing weightages to these spatial data layers based on expert knowledge, (3) Development of spatial models, and (4) Running spatial models for determining most suitable areas for rice cultivation. The study was conducted in Ghana. The model results, based on weightages to 16-22 spatial data layers, showed only 3-4 % of the total IV wetland areas were “highly suitable” but 39-47 % of the total IV wetland areas were “suitable” for rice cultivation. The outputs were verified using field-plot data which showed accuracy between 84.4 to 87.5% with errors of omissions and commissions less than 23%. Given that only a small fraction (lt;15% overall) of the total IV wetland areas (about 20-28% of total geographic area in Ghana) are currently utilized for agriculture and constitute very rich land-units in terms of soil depth, soil fertility, and water availability, these agroecosystems offer an excellent opportunity for a green and a blue revolution in Africa.
Cultivation / Rice / Wetlands / Models / Remote sensing
Record No:H042218
Gichuki, Francis N.; Kodituwakku, Dekshika Charmini; Nguyen-Khoa, Sophie; Hoanh, Chu Thai. 2009.
Cross-scale trade-offs and synergies in aquaculture, water quality and environment: research issues and policy implications.
Water Policy,
11(Supplement 1):1-12
[DOI]
Keywords
Water policy / Economic aspects / Ecosystems / Environment / Water quality / Aquaculture
Record No:H042168
Abdullaev, I.; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Jumaboev, Kahramon; Manthrithilake, Herath. 2009.
Adoption of integrated water resources management principles and its impacts: lessons from Ferghana Valley.
Water International,
34(2):230-241
[DOI]
Keywords / Abstract
The Ferghana Valley Project, initiated in 2001, has promoted institutional change in the post-Soviet irrigation sector in this part of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. This paper presents the short-term (5-year) impacts of integrated water resources management project activities focused on water user participation in the South Ferghana Canal of Ferghana Province in Uzbekistan on irrigation water delivery and crop productivity. Irrigation performance assessment indicators indicate only slight improvements in water delivery and crop yields. Although water was important, larger changes in the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan dominated outcomes in this relatively short time span.
Crop yield / Governance / Irrigation water / Water delivery / Canals / Water user associations / Participatory management / Water resource management
Record No:H042130
Abdullaev, I.; Kazbekov, Jusipbek; Manthrithilake, Herath; Jumaboev, Kahramon. 2009.
Participatory water management at the main canal: a case from South Ferghana canal in Uzbekistan.
Agricultural Water Management,
96(2):317-329
Keywords / Abstract
After the independence of Central Asian countries, many international projects have been launched to promote water users’ inclusion into the water management at different levels. The aim of such projects is to achieve sustainable water management through inclusion of interests of different groups on day-to-day water management. Although IWRM in Central Asia has been already promoted for a decade, there are only a few examples of the implementation in real life situations. The Integrated Water Resources Management in Ferghana Valley (IWRM FV) is a pilot project on implementing integrated water resources management elements at the main canal levels and below. The experience gained from IWRM FV project and lessons learnt could be useful for the national and international organizations for their future work on IWRM implementation at the different regions of Central Asia. IWRM FV project has been active since 2001 in the Ferghana Valley, one of the largest irrigated areas of Central Asia. The project has promoted and implemented participatory irrigation management for three pilot canals. This paper presents the process of implementation and some preliminary outcomes of the IWRM VF project.
Surveys / Irrigation programs / Irrigation canals / Irrigation management / Water user associations / Participatory management / Governance / History / Water resource management
Record No:H041661
Ntow, W. J.; Tagoe, L. M.; Drechsel, Pay; Kelderman, P.; Nyarko, E.; Gijzen, H. J. 2009.
Occupational exposure to pesticides: blood cholinesterase activity in a farming community in Ghana.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
56:623630
Keywords / Abstract
A survey was undertaken to establish the extent of pesticide exposure in a farming community. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity in whole blood was used as a marker for assessing exposure to pesticides. Complete data were gathered for 63 farmers at Akumadan (exposed) and 58 control subjects at Tono, both prominent vegetable farming communities in Ghana, by means of a questionnaire and blood cholinesterase analyses (acetylcholine-assay). Although whole blood ChE was significantly lower in the exposed than the control participants, it was not significantly correlated with either confounders of age, sex, body weight, and height or high risks practices. The high risks practices revealed during the survey included lack of use of personal protective clothing, short re-